Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase)
 4,591 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Raleigh, North Carolina, population of Drosophila melanogaster was examined for linkage disequilibrium in 1974, several years after previous analyses in 1968, 1969, and 1970. alphaglycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-1 (alphaGpdh-1), malate dehydrogenase-1 (Mdh-1), alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), and hexokinase-C (Hex-C, tentative name, F. M. Johnson, unpublished; position determined by the present authors to be 2-74.5) were assayed for 617 second chromosomes, and esterase-C (Est-C) and octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) were assayed for 526 third chromosomes. In addition, two polymorphic inversions in the second chromosomes [In(2L)t and In(2R)NS] were examined, and the following findings were obtained: (1) No linkage disequilibrium between isozyme genes was detected. Significant linkage disequilibria were found only between the polymorphic inversions and isozyme genes [In(2L)t vs. Adh, and In(2R)NS vs. Hex-C]. Significant disequilibrium was not detected between In(2L)t and alphaGpdh-1, which is included in the inversion, but a tendency toward disequilibrium was consistently found from 1968 to 1974. The frequency of two-strand double crossovers within inversion In(2L)t involving a single crossover on each side of alphaGpdh-1 was estimated to be 0.00022. Thus, the consistent but not significant linkage disequilibrium between the two factors can be explained by recombination after the inversion occurred. (2) Previously existing linkage disequilibrium between Adh and In(2R)NS (the distance is about 30 cM, but the effective recombination value is about 1.75%) was found to have disappeared. (3) No higher-order linkage disequilibrium was detected. (4) Linkage disequilibrium between Odh and Est-C (the distance of which was estimated to be 0.0058 +/- 0.002) could not be detected (chi(2) (df=1) = 0.9).-From the above results, it was concluded that linkage disequilibria among isozyme genes are very rare in D. melanogaster, so that the Franklin-Lewontin model (Franklin and Lewontin 1970) is not applicable to these genes. The linkage disequilibria between some isozyme genes and polymorphic inversions may be explained by founder effect.
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PMID:The genetic structure of natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster XIII. Further studies on linkage disequilibrium. 40 25

Glossina pallidipes Austen from Lambwe and Nguruman in Kenya and a laboratory colony, originating from flies collected at Lambwe, were compared for 12 enzyme-gene systems using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the Nguruman, Lambwe, and colony flies, mean heterozygosities were 9.1, 15.3, and 16.5%, and polymorphism was observed in 3, 4, and 5 loci, respectively. Significant differences in number of gene products were observed between Nguruman and Lambwe flies at three loci, between Nguruman and colony flies at four loci, and between Lambwe and colony flies at two loci. Evidence is presented indicating that the locus for phosphoglucomutase is on the X chromosome, whereas loci for octanol dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and a thoracic esterase (Esterase-1) are autosomal.
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PMID:Genetic variation in two field populations and a laboratory colony of Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae). 238 34

Seven hundred and three second chromosomes were extracted from a Raleigh, North Carolina population of Drosophila melanogaster in 1970. Additionally, four hundred and eighty-nine third chromosomes were extracted from a large cage population founded from the flies in the 1970 Raleigh collection. The alpha glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-1, malate dehydrogenase-1, alcohol dehydrogenase, and alpha amylase loci were studied from the second chromosomes, and the esterase-6, esterase-C, and octanol dehydrogenase loci were analyzed from the third chromosomes. Inversions, relative viability and fecundity were studied for both classes of chromosomes. The following significant findings were obtained: (1) All loci examined were polymorphic or had at least two alleles at appreciable frequencies. Analysis of the combined data from this experiment with that of Mukai, Mettler and Chigusa (1971) revealed that the frequencies of the genes in the second chromosomes collected in early August were approximately the same over three years. (2) Linkage disequilibria between and among isozyme genes inter se were not detected except in a few cases which can be considered due to non-random sampling. (3) Linkage disequilibria between isozyme genes and polymorphic inversions were detected when the recombination values between the breakage points of the inversions and the genes in question were small. In only a few cases, were second and third order linkage disequilibria including polymorphic inversions detected. (4) Evidence for either variation among genotypes within loci or cumulative effects of heterozygosity was found for viability and fecundity. As a result of these findings, it was tentatively concluded that although selection might be perceptibly operating on some polymorphic isozyme loci, most of the polymorphic isozyme genes are selectively neutral or near-neutral in the populations studied.
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PMID:The genetic structure of natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. XII. Linkage disequilibrium in a large local population. 421 10

Natural populations of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead, Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank and Glossina tachinoides Westwood occurring within 150 km of Bobo-Dioulasso, Upper Volta were examined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No variation was found in the banding pattern for arginine phosphokinase (EC 2.7.3.3). G. p. gambiensis and G. tachinoides had three alleles for each of the thoracic enzymes octanol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.73), malic dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) and for midgut alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1). The same situation was found with G. m. submorsitans except that only two alleles for alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and one for alkaline phosphatase were found. In each species, and for each of the enzymes, one allele was present at a frequency of 95% or greater. There was little or no variation between populations. Two laboratory colonies of G. p. gambiensis had less genetic variation than wild populations.
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PMID:Genetic polymorphism in three species of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Upper Volta. 611 54

Strains of different origins belonging to the two species of fungi imperfecti Cylindrocarpon ianothele and Calcarisporium arbuscula exhibit difference in their morphological or physiological appearances. We have attempted to determine if these variabilities could also be observed at the level of other phenotypic markers, the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, octanol dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. Isozymes were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and demonstrated isozyme variability as a function of growth and physiological states of a given strain. At the same state of development, the different strains exhibited highly heterogeneous isozyme groups which appear difficult to use for taxonomic purposes.
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PMID:[Isoenzymes in two micromycetes species: taxonomic aspects]. 621 97

The loci for three enzymes (hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, and testicular esterase) and two eye-color mutants (brick and tan) are mapped on the X chromosome of Glossina palpalis palpalis. The loci occur in the order brick Hex (tan/Pgm) Est-t, with a recombination frequency of approximately 78% between the outer two loci. The locus for octanol dehydrogenase is located in linkage group II and the loci for malate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucose isomerase are separated by a recombination frequency of about 42.5% in linkage group III. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs at a much lower frequency in males than in females. The distribution of five biochemical marker genes in the linkage groups of G. p. palpalis is markedly different from that found in other higher flies.
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PMID:Genetics of Glossina palpalis palpalis: designation of linkage groups and the mapping of eight biochemical and visible marker genes. 853 97

A cellulose acetate electrophoresis system was used to study the isozyme polymorphism of the Anopheles gambiae complex in a rural village and a city in southwestern Burkina Faso. In both areas A. gambiae Giles was the dominant species (95%) whereas A. arabiensis Patton represented only 5%. Both species were separated readily by octanol dehydrogenase Odh and mannose phosphate isomerase (Mpi) even if they shared some alleles at these two loci. Polymorphism analysis (13 loci) at the intraspecific level of A. gambiae showed a significant difference between the specimens collected in the city from those collected in the village in their allelic and genotypic frequencies of isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 and malate dehydrogenase-1 and in their allelic frequencies for Mpi. No genetic difference was observed between the human biting A. gambiae collected inside or outside the houses in either the village or the city. The Plasmodium falciparum-infected A. gambiae differed from the noninfected ones in their allelic and genotypic frequencies at Mpi and acid phosphatase (Acp). A two-fold difference in infection rate was found for the genotype Mpi130/130 and Acp110/100 compared with other genotypes. However, infected anophelines were found in all genotypes that belonged to these two enzyme systems. Consequently, no refractory mechanism occurs in these natural populations.
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PMID:Intraspecific isozyme polymorphism of Anopheles gambiae in relation to environment, behavior, and malaria transmission in southwestern Burkina Faso. 945 95

Six Drosophila melanogaster strains were constructed from two isofemale lines. The strains had four allele combinations at the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) and octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) loci, while all alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha Gpdh), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh), and aldehyde oxidase (Aldox) alleles were identical. Second-instar and early and late third-instar larvae were exposed to different concentrations of ethanol (0, 5, and 7.5%) and 3 days later fresh weights and the activities of ADH, ODH, alpha GPDH, and MDH were measured. Activity differences were observed between the two Adh genotypes: ADHF allozyme had considerably higher activity than ADHS. Exogenous ethanol resulted in the highest increase in ADH activity in the second- and early third-instar stages. This ADH induction depended on the allele combination at the Adh and Odh loci; e.g., in the strain having the AdhS-OdhS allele combination, increased ADH activity was observed only after exposure to 7.5% ethanol. ODH activities differed according to the Odh genotypes, in that the ODHS allozyme had a higher activity than ODHF. ODH activities did not appreciably respond to different ethanol treatments. All six strains had identical alleles at the Mdh and alpha Gpdh loci, but nevertheless, the responses of these enzymes to ethanol depended on the allele combinations at the Adh and Odh loci. alpha GPDH activity followed that of ADH in all experiments. MDH activities were not influenced by exogenous ethanol in the strains homozygous for the AdhS allele. In AdhF strains, however, exposure to 7.5% ethanol resulted in a considerable decrease in MDH activity in the second-instar larvae. Correlations among the response variables showed that ODH activities were strongly associated with fresh weight and the activities of all other enzymes, except for ADH. ADH activity, however, showed a significant correlation only with alpha GPDH activity throughout the larval life. Both MDH and ODH activities were found to be in strong negative correlation with ADH activity in the second-instar larvae. At this most sensitive life stage, the metabolic response to ethanol is highly correlated.
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PMID:Interaction between the Adh and Odh loci in response to ethanol in Drosophila melanogaster. 967 77