Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.1.1.194 (CAD)
 4,384 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have examined the domain organization, and the locations of the sites phosphorylated by the cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase, in the multifunctional polypeptide of the pyrimidine-biosynthetic protein, CAD. Fragments produced after limited proteolysis by elastase or trypsin were separated by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred onto nitrocellulose. The blots were probed with antibodies raised against the core aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ACTase) and dihydroorotase (DHOase) fragments to locate fragments containing these domains, and we also examined the locations of the phosphorylation sites by complete tryptic digestion of blotted, 32P-labelled fragments, followed by analytical isoelectric focussing. Our results are consistent with the domain order glutaminase(GLNase)-carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase-(CPSase)-DHOase-ACTase, as suggested by recently reported homologies between the predicted amino acid sequence for the Drosophila rudimentary gene product, and monofunctional CPSases/ACTases/DHOases. In particular, the finding of a 95-kDa elastase fragment which cross-reacted with both anti-DHOase and anti-ACTase antibodies rules out the previously suggested domain order: DHOase-GLNase-CPSase-ACTase. Phosphorylation by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase accelerates cleavage of native CAD by both elastase and trypsin, and abolishes the protective effect of UTP. Site 1 is located close to the C-terminal end of the 160-kDa GLNase/CPSase region. Comparison with the predicted amino acid sequence of the Drosophila rudimentary gene revealed a strong homology between the tryptic peptide containing site 1 from hamster CAD, and a region at the extreme C-terminal end of the CPSase II domain of the Drosophila enzyme. Alignment of the Drosophila sequence and that of rat liver CPSase I, which is not phosphorylated by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase, revealed that this putative site 1 region is missing in CPSase I. Site 2 could not be located with certainty, either from the limited proteolysis data, or from comparison of the sequence around this site and the sequence of the rudimentary gene. There were also one or more previously undetected minor phosphorylation site(s) located in the protease-sensitive hinge region between the DHOase and ACTase domains.
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PMID:Mapping of catalytic domains and phosphorylation sites in the multifunctional pyrimidine-biosynthetic protein CAD. 334 46

Several apo(a) isoforms, controlled by a series of alleles Lp(a)F, Lp(a)B, Lp(a)S1, Lp(a)S2, Lp(a)S3, Lp(a)S4 and null, were found in 470 healthy Japanese by 4% SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting techniques. There was a strong inverse relationship between the apparent molecular weight of apo(a) isoforms and plasma concentrations of Lp(a). Lp(a) in d < 1.006 fraction increased 2-4h after oral fat load. Lp(a) exhibited a marked avidity for triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL), and we suggest that the TRL-bound Lp(a) is the intact Lp(a) derived from serum. We demonstrated that the lipid-free apo(a) does not contain apo B-100 in serum, and has a molecular mass of ca 200 kDa. The free apo(a) level in normal subjects was 1.75 mg/dl (as Lp(a)) and was no different from the level in CAD patients.
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PMID:Polymorphism and Distribution of Apo(a). 922 23

CAD, a large multifunctional protein that carries carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPSase), aspartate transcarbamoylase, and dihydroorotase activities, catalyzes the first three steps of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in mammalian cells. The CPSase component, which catalyzes the initial, rate-limiting step, exhibits complex regulatory mechanisms involving allosteric effectors and phosphorylation that control the flux of metabolites through the pathway. Incubation of CAD with ATP in the absence of exogenous kinases resulted in the incorporation of 1 mol of P(i)/mol of CAD monomer. Mass spectrometry analysis of tryptic digests showed that Thr(1037) located within the CAD CPS.B subdomain was specifically modified. The reaction is specific for MgATP, ADP was a competitive inhibitor, and the native tertiary structure of the protein was required. Phosphorylation occurred after denaturation, further purification of CAD by SDS gel electrophoresis, and renaturation on a nitrocellulose membrane, strongly suggesting that phosphate incorporation resulted from an intrinsic kinase activity and was not the result of contaminating kinases. Chemical modification with the ATP analog, 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine, showed that one or both of the active sites that catalyze the ATP-dependent partial reactions are also involved in autophosphorylation. The rate of phosphorylation was dependent on the concentration of CAD, indicating that the reaction was, at least in part, intermolecular. Autophosphorylation resulted in a 2-fold increase in CPSase activity, an increased sensitivity to the feedback inhibitor UTP, and decreased allosteric activation by 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, functional changes that were distinctly different from those resulting from phosphorylation by either the protein kinase A or mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades.
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PMID:Autophosphorylation of the mammalian multifunctional protein that initiates de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. 1198 31

Myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) commonly is interpreted qualitatively and not quantitatively. Most of the prognostic literature is based on a semi-quantitative visual analysis (SQA) of MPS. However, data about the comparison between the SQA and coronary angiography (cath) is lacking. We therefore evaluated 167 patients who underwent MPS and subsequent cath. SQA using a 20 segment model was used for MPS interpretation. Patients with a small to moderate amount of ischemia (SDS < or = 4; mean 1.2 +/- 1.5) and with extensive ischemia (SDS > 4; mean 9.6 +/- 4.7) were then compared with respect to clinical and cath variables. Patients with extensive ischemia had more advanced CAD as demonstrated by several cath variables (more often triple vessel and LAD-disease). SQA therefore is a useful tool for MPS interpretation and decision making in patients with (suspected) CAD.
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PMID:[Noninvasive cardiac diagnosis for quantifying scarring, ischemia and pump function within the scope of a study. 20 useful facets in routine cardiology nuclear medicine practice]. 1201 64

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD, EC 1.1.1.195) isoforms were purified from the periderm (containing both suberized and lignified cell layers) of Eucalyptus gunnii Hook stems. Two isoforms (CAD 1P and CAD 2P) were initially characterized, and the major form, CAD 2P, was resolved into three further isoforms by ion-exchange chromatography. Crude extracts contained two aliphatic alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) and one aromatic ADH, which was later resolved into two further isoforms. Aliphatic ADHs did not use hydroxycinnamyl alcohols as substrates, whereas both aromatic ADH isoforms used coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol as substrates but with a much lower specific activity when compared with benzyl alcohol. The minor form, CAD 1P, was a monomer with a molecular weight of 34,000 that did not co-elute with either aromatic or aliphatic ADH activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blot analysis demonstrated that this protein was very similar to another CAD isoform purified from Eucalyptus xylem tissue. CAD 2P had a native molecular weight of approximately 84,000 and was a dimer consisting of two heterogenous subunits (with molecular weights of 42,000 and 44,000). These subunits were differentially combined to give the heterodimer and two homodimers. SDS-PAGE, western blots, and nondenaturing PAGE indicated that the CAD 2P heterodimer was very similar to the main CAD isoform previously purified in our laboratory from differentiating xylem tissue of E. gunnii (D. Goffner, I. Joffroy, J. Grima-Pettenati, C. Halpin, M.E. Knight, W. Schuch, A.M. Boudet [1992] Planta 188: 48-53). Kinetic data indicated that the different CAD 2P isoforms may be implicated in the preferential production of different monolignols used in the synthesis of lignin and/or suberin.
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PMID:Purification and Characterization of Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Isoforms from the Periderm of Eucalyptus gunnii Hook. 1223 63

Oligonucleosomal fragmentation of nuclear DNA is the late-stage apoptosis hallmark. In apoptotic mammalian cells the fragmentation is catalyzed by DFF40/CAD DNase primarily activated by caspase 3 through the site-specific proteolytic cleavage of DFF45/ICAD. A deletion in the casp3 gene of human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 results in lack of procaspase 3 in these cells. The absence of caspase 3 in MCF-7 leads to disability to activate oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in TNF-alpha induced cell death. In this study, sodium palmitate was used as an apoptotic stimulus for MCF-7. It has been shown that palmitate but not TNF-alpha induces both apoptotic changes in nuclei and oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in casp3-mutated MCF-7. Activation and accumulation of 40-50 kD DFF40-like DNases in nuclei of palmitate-treated apoptotic MCF-7 were detected by SDS-DNA-PAGE assay. Microsomal fraction of apoptotic MCF-7 does not contain any detectable DNases, but activates 40-50 kD nucleases when incubated with human placental chromatin. Furthermore, microsomes of apoptotic MCF-7 induce oligonucleosomal fragmentation of chromatin in a cell-free system. Both the activation of DNases and chromatin fragmentation are suppressed in the presence of the caspase 3/7 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO. Microsome-associated caspase 7 is suggested to play an essential role in the induction of oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in casp3-deficient MCF-7 cells.
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PMID:Oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in MCF-7 cells undergoing palmitate-induced apoptosis. 1475 30

Oligonucleosomal fragmentation of nuclear DNA is the late stage hallmark of the apoptotic process. In mammalian apoptotic cells fragmentation is catalyzed by DFF40/ CAD DNase. DFF40/CAD primary activated through site-specific proteolytic cleavage by caspase 3. The absence of caspase 3 in MCF-7 leads to lack of oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation under numerous apoptotic stimuli. In this study it was shown that palmitate induces apoptotic changes of nuclei and oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in casp3 deficient MCF-7. Activation and accumulation of 40-50 kDa DFF40 like DNases in nuclei and cytoplasm of palmitate-treated MCF-7 were detected by SDS-DNA-PAGE assay. Microsomes of apoptotic MCF-7 activate 40-50 kDa nucleases when incubated with human placental chromatin and induce oligonucleosomal fragmentation of chromatin in cell free system. Both DNases activation and chromatin fragmentation are suppressed in presence of caspase 3/7 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO. Microsome associated caspase 7 is suggested to play the principal role in induction of oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation of casp3 defitient MCF-7.
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PMID:Oligonucleosome DNA fragmentation of caspase 3 deficient MCF-7 cells in palmitate-induced apoptosis. 1556 68

Development of fruit flesh texture quality traits may involve the metabolism of phenolic compounds. This study presents molecular and biochemical results on the possible role played by cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195) during ripening [S3, S4 I (pre-climacteric) and S4 III (climacteric) stages] of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit with different flesh firmness [non-melting flesh (NMF) 'Oro A'/melting flesh (MF) 'Springcrest' and 'Sanguinella'] and color (blood-flesh Sanguinella). A total of 24 putative full-length PRUPE_CAD genes were identified (in silico analysis) in the peach genome. The most abundant CAD isoforms, encoded by genes located on scaffolds 8 and 6, were probed by specifically developed anti-PRUPE_CAD sc8 and by anti-FaCAD (PRUPE_CAD sc6) polyclonal antibodies, respectively. PRUPE_CAD sc8 proteins (SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE/western blot) appeared responsible for the CAD activity (in vitro/in-gel assays) that increased with ripening (parallel to PRUPE_ACO1 transcripts accumulation and ethylene evolution) only in the mesocarp of Oro A and blood-flesh Sanguinella. Accumulation of PRUPE_CAD sc8 transcripts (semi-quantitative RT-PCR) occurred in all three cultivars, but in Oro A and Springcrest it was not always accompanied by that of the related proteins, suggesting possible post-transcriptional regulation. Flesh firmness, as well as levels of lignin, total phenolics and, where present (Sanguinella), anthocyanins, declined with ripening, suggesting that, at least in the studied peach cultivars, CAD activity is related to neither lignification nor differences in flesh firmness (NMF/MF). Further studies are necessary to clarify whether the high levels of CAD activity/expression in Sanguinella play a role in determining the characteristics of this blood-flesh fruit.
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PMID:Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases in the mesocarp of ripening fruit of Prunus persica genotypes with different flesh characteristics: changes in activity and protein and transcript levels. 2553 76