Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.1.1.194 (CAD)
 4,384 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to examine the level of some conventional coronary heart disease risk factors in blue-collar women and evaluate the link between the spreading of this risk factors and the level of physical work. The active smoking, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, overweight and obesity, abnormal lipid levels and leisure-time physical activity were analyzed. 120 women of hard physical work and 57 women of light physical work in the age of 25 +/- 45 y. were examined. The questionnaire and full physical examination were performed. In the group of hard physical work the prevalence of active smoking, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and mixed hyperlipidemia. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and obesity were observed in the group of light physical work. The high level of coronary artery disease risk-factors were found out in groups of blue-collar women with high and low level of occupational physical activity. It seems that lifestyle and diet plays an important role in spreading of the risk factors of CAD in blue-collar women.
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PMID:[Ischaemic heart disease risk factors in blue-collar women with different level of physical work]. 1195 97

Today, statins play an important role in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. They have two effects on the metabolism of cholesterol: firstly, they reduce the synthesis of cholesterol and secondly they stimulate the expression of LDL receptors. LDL is reduced via both of the mechanisms. Various studies (the 4S, LIPID and CARE studies) have demonstrated the efficacy of statins in secondary prevention, that is, in patients with hypercholesterolemia and CAD. In the CARE study, for example, the statins reduced the incidence of fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarctions by 24%. A number of studies show that although primary prevention is effective, long-term tolerability is still a matter of controversy. A relatively frequent, dose-dependent side effect is myopathy, which has a reported incidence of 0.1-0.5%. In combination with fibrates, the incidence increases, and cases of rhabdomyolysis, some fatal, have been described. To minimize the side effects of statin treatment, therefore, target levels--which must be derived on the basis of the results of large studies--must be established for the individual patient.
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PMID:[Current therapy of hypercholesterolemia. How much statin does your patient need?]. 1242 25

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis is an effective treatment option for patients with severe hypercholesterolemia not adequately responding to diet and drug therapy. Membrane differential filtration (MDF), synonymous with double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), here named Lipidfiltration, and heparin-induced extracorporeal LDL-precipitation (HELP) are two of the five methods available for extracorporeal LDL apheresis. In this prospective investigation 6 patients with severe LDL-hypercholesterolemia and CAD were treated in a cross-over design with Lipidfiltration at two stages of technical development and HELP to compare the efficacy of these two LDL apheresis methods with respect to lowering and modifying plasma lipids and rheologically relevant plasma proteins, especially fibrinogen. In total, 44 LDL apheresis sessions were investigated. In weekly intervals, patients were treated with consecutive LDL apheresis sessions with either Lipidfiltration and HELP, treating identical plasma volumes. In one part of the investigation Lipidfiltration was performed with the novel Lipidfilter EC-50, combined with a newly developed blood and plasma therapy machine allowing optimized plasma heating. The results showed that the reduction rates of LDL-cholesterol, lipoprotein(a) and triglycerides were essentially identical for both methods. Also pretreatment levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were not significantly different in both treatment groups. Both methods lead to a significant reduction of serum lipoproteins, especially for LDL-cholesterol, which was decreased by 61.4% with Lipidfiltration (treated plasma volume: 2998 ml) and 61.3% with HELP (treated plasma volume: 3013 ml). With respect to Lipidfiltration LDL-cholesterol reduction was more efficient with the novel Lipidfilter EC-50. Mean pretreatment HDL cholesterol concentrations remained unchanged. Comparing Cascadeflo AC-1770 with the novel Lipidfilter EC-50 reduction rates of HDL-cholesterol (17.4% versus 6.4%) and total protein (17.9% versus 7.8%) were significantly reduced. Lipidfiltration and HELP both resulted in a reduction of plasma viscosity and hemorheologically relevant plasma proteins, like fibrinogen.
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PMID:Intraindividual comparison of two extracorporeal LDL apheresis methods: lipidfiltration and HELP. 1251 63

In 1997 the Southern Poland Epidemiological Survey trial was conducted, the largest primary prevention action in Poland, which comprised 50,111 subjects. In this trial subjects with total cholesterol over 300 mg% were identified. After two years period these subjects were contacted to assess the kind and effectiveness of their action to reduce hypercholesterolemia and other CAD risk factors. The role of general practitioner was also addressed. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of primary prevention on the following parameters: intensity and frequency of risk factors occurrence, rate of individual risk of coronary heart disease in the study group and the assessment of influence of primary care physician action on risk factors reduction in the study population. 1090 persons were invited into the study. 293 (27%) of them came to the hospital for further investigation. After exclusion of patients in whom CAD was already present in 1997, a group of 263 patients was analyzed. The study group was divided in three parts: non-compliant to the primary prophylaxis recommend alians (52 pers.), performing the primary prophylaxis recommendations on their own (113 pers.), and performing the recommendations under supervision of the general practitioner (89 pers.). Blood pressure, smoking, weight reduction, physical activity improvement and lowering of the total cholesterol were analyzed. The risk of CAD in 1997 in 1999 was evaluated according to the risk score. In the group following the recommendations unders medical supervision significant CAD risk reduction, lowest CAD risk in 1999, highest ratio of smoking quitting, tendency to physical activity improvement, highest weight reduction (especially in people with visceral obesity), and the lowering of total cholesterol level were observed. In the group following the recommendations without medical supervision significant level of smoking quitting and weight reduction were observed. In this group total cholesterol level and CAD risk were unchanged. On the basis of these results following conclusions were formed: 1) Prevention action caused smoking quitting, body mass reduction, total cholesterol reduction and tendency to improved physical activity. 2) Prevention action caused only minor personal CAD risk reduction. 3) General practitioner activity lowered CAD incidence risk. 4) Education of people at risk, general practitioners and the entire population on avoiding coronary artery disease is necessary.
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PMID:[Assessment of interventions conducted in the program Southern Poland Epidemiological Survey in adults with high hypercholesterolemia]. 1476 80

The aim of the work was to examine the degree of carotid stenosis, the structure of atherosclerotic plaques, and the predominance of the main vascular risk factors in patients with multiple lacunar and comparatively large "non-lacunar" cerebral infarctions. A study WAS made of the data on 110 patients (mean age 62.5 years) with multiple cerebral infarctions revealed by MRT and with stenoses of the internal carotid artery (ICA) of varying degrees of severity. Minor lacunar infarctions (LI) were present in 62 cases whereas comparatively large "non-lacunar" infarctions (NLI) in 48 cases. All the patients underwent standard neurologic examination, laboratory analyses, MRT of the brain with angiography (MRA) of the extra-intrecrania1 vessels, transcranial Doppler (TCD), and examination of the heart for revealing the cardioembolic nature of cerebral infarctions. Among patients with both LI and NLI, arterial hypertension was the most frequently occurring risk factor in 53 (85%) and 35 (73%) patients respectively. In the study groups, there were no appreciable differences in the incidence of high hematocrit, hyperfibrinogenemia, tobacco-smoking, and diabetes mellitus. Patients with NLI demonstrated hypercholesterolemia, CAD and atherosclerosis of the peripheral vessels significantly more often (p<0.05). In the patient group with NLI, hemodynamically significant stenoses of the ICA were predominant: in 18 (37.5%) patients, they were moderate, in 12 (25%) critical, and 7 (14.6%) patients had occlusions whereas in LI, the portion of critical stenoses and ICA occlusions was cooperatively low - in 11 (17.7%) and in 5 (8.1%) patients respectively. Both groups showed the thickening of the complex of the medial CCA layer. Ultrasonopraphy of the vessels has revealed that in patients with NLI and LI, there predominated potentially embologenic plaques, namely in 69% and in 53% of cases, respectively. Our investigations allow to assume that arterial hypertension is the most frequently occurring risk factor of cerebral infarction (both minor lacunar and large "non-lacunar"). Factors such as CAD, hypercholesterolemia, DM, hemorheological disorders, end tobacco-smoking are likely to have an unfavorable impact on both general and cerebral hemodynamics as well as on the microcirculatory bed whereby being on the whole important risk factors of cerebral infarction. Hemodynamically significant stenoses, especially critical ones, occlusions, and embologenic plaques of the ICA are pathogenetically closely linked with the development of "non-lacunar" cerebral infarctions. At the same time they, under certain conditions, may become the cause of multiple lacunar cerebral infarctions.
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PMID:[The status of carotid arteries and the main vascular risk factors in cerebral infarctions of "anterior circulation"]. 1516 92

Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase-2 (ACAT2), an intracellular cholesterol esterification enzyme found only in the intestine and liver, has been demonstrated to be associated with hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in mice. To explore the possible impact of ACAT2 gene variants on CAD susceptibility and plasma lipid levels, three polymorphisms, 41A>G (Glu>Gly), 734C>T (Thr>Ile), and IVS4-57_58 ins48 bp (D/I), were genotyped in 809 CAD patients (CAD+) and 1,304 controls (CAD-) from three distinct Singaporean ethnic groups (1,228 Chinese, 367 Malays and 518 Indians). The 734T allele frequency was significantly lower in CAD+ (0.20) than CAD- (0.26) in Chinese (P=0.003) and I allele of D/I was significantly higher in CAD+ (0.17) than CAD- (0.10) in Indians (P=0.011). The 41G allele was significantly more frequent among normolipidemic (0.19) than dyslipidemic (0.13) individuals in Chinese (P=0.008). In normolipidemic females, 734C>T was associated with apoA1, apoB and lipoprotein (a) in Indians, and with apoA1 in Malays, whereas 41A>G is associated with total cholesterol in Indians. The 734C>T polymorphism was in almost complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the IVS4-57_58 ins48 bp and in very strong LD with 41A>G in all the three ethnic groups. In the normolipidemic females, the AG/CT had much higher apoB than AA/CC in Indians. We found that the three ACAT2 polymorphisms studied are associated with CAD risk and plasma lipid levels but their effects are not consistent across genders and ethnic groups.
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PMID:Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase-2 gene polymorphisms and their association with plasma lipids and coronary artery disease risks. 1619 94

Because of the presumed non-atherosclerotic pathogenesis, the potential link between spontaneous cervical artery dissection (sCAD) and common risk factors for atherosclerosis has never been investigated systematically. Therefore, this prospective, multicentre, case-control study compared the frequency of tobacco use, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolaemia among a group of consecutive patients with sCAD (n = 153), a group of patients with ischaemic stroke, not related to CAD (non-CAD), and a group of controls. As opposed to the other variables, a trend towards a significant association was seen when the prevalence of hypertension was compared among patients with sCAD and controls (26.8% v 17.0%; odds ratio (OR) 1.79; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.98 to 3.27; p = 0.058). Hypertension was also significantly associated with the subgroup of patients with sCAD and cerebral infarction (OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.01 to 3.70; p = 0.045), particularly when involving the vertebral arteries (OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.20 to 6.04; p = 0.017). These findings might help define the spectrum of pathogenic conditions predisposing to sCAD and provide information to help investigate the combined effect of such susceptibility factors in future studies.
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PMID:Arterial hypertension as risk factor for spontaneous cervical artery dissection. A case-control study. 1636 4

Recently, the genetic variant Y402H in the CFH (complement factor H) gene was associated with an increased risk for MI (myocardial infarction) in a prospective Caucasian cohort. In another nested case-control study, however, the CFH-Y402H variant did not carry susceptibility to MI. The aim of the present study was to test for an association between the CFH-Y402H variant and MI in a large case-control sample with a familial background for CAD (coronary artery disease). A total of 2161 individuals from the German MI family study were studied by questionnaire, physical examination and biochemical analyses. MI patients (n=1188; 51.4+/-8.6 years at first MI) were recruited from families with at least two members affected by MI and/or severe CAD. Spouses, sisters-in-law and brothers-in-law respectively, without MI/CAD were included as unaffected controls (n=973; 56.9+/-9.8 years). Genotyping was performed using a TaqMan assay. The common Y402H variant in the CFH gene was not associated with classical cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, obesity, smoking and C-reactive protein serum levels). No association was found between the CFH-Y402H variant and susceptibility to MI. Separate analyses in both men and women revealed no gender-specific influence of the gene variant on cardiovascular risk factors or MI. This investigation was unable to replicate the association between the common CFH-Y402H variant and susceptibility to MI in our large Caucasian population which is enriched for genetic factors. We conclude that the CFH-Y402H variant has no relevant risk-modifying effect in our population.
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PMID:The common Y402H variant in complement factor H gene is not associated with susceptibility to myocardial infarction and its related risk factors. 1747 78

The aim of our work was to develop an assay for the determination of angiopoietin-like protein 3 (Angptl3) in human blood, and investigate its levels in healthy volunteers and donors suffer from metabolic syndrome and familiar hypercholesterolemia. We developed and evaluated the sandwich ELISA method for the quantitative determination of human Angptl3 in serum samples. We conducted also the pilot study on individuals with metabolic syndrome or familiar hypercholesterolemia and healthy probands. The following parameters were measured: blood pressure, waist circumference, Angptl3 serum levels, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, insulin, glucose, A-FABP, and BMI and Quicki insulin sensitivity index was calculated. In the study on 93 healthy volunteers we demonstrated that sex or age is not the determinant for Angptl3 serum values. Futhermore, 118 individuals with metabolic syndrome and 200 patients with familiar hypercholesterolemia were tested and it was found that probands with metabolic syndrome or familiar hypercholesterolemia had higher Angptl3 values than healthy individuals from the first study (medians 289.5 vs. 277.1 vs. 224.8 ng/ml, p < 0.01). All of groups did not differ in sex or age. Angptl3 values correlated with the systolic blood pressure, LDL and A-FABP (p < 0.05). No connection of Angptl3 with triglycerides was found (presumably influences of statins, fibrates via PPARs, etc). However, we performed stepwise regression and found A-FABP and Angptl3 serum values as the independent markers for metabolic syndrome presence only (F ratio 29, p < 0.01). Then we adjusted Angptl3 to A-FABP (reputable metabolic syndrome marker) and recognised that Angptl3 is the A-FABP-independent marker. The pilot study supports the hypothesis about the role of Angptl3 as a new class of lipid metabolism modulator. Their values could be a new key predictors of metabolic syndrome. Further research is necessary to confirm our findings in individuals with dyslipidemia, obesity, CAD and different medication in order to assess Angptl3 value as a risk predictor of accelerated atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Angiopoietin-like protein 3: development, analytical characterization, and clinical testing of a new ELISA. 1806 51

The CEntralized Pan-European survey on tHE Under-treatment of hypercholeSterolaemia (CEPHEUS) was initiated to quantify the degree of under-treatment of hypercholesterolaemia in Europe. Its primary objective was to establish the proportion of treated patients reaching the LDL-C goals according to the Third Joint European Task Force guidelines. Secondary objectives targeted subgroups of primary or secondary prevention patients and those with a metabolic syndrome. Further-more, CEPHEUS also aimed at the identification of determinants for under-treatment. Among the patients available for evaluation in Belgium (n=6276), 58.5% reached LDL-C goals as recommended by the 2003 European guidelines, 59.8% in primary prevention, 55.8% in secondary prevention, and 55.8% of those with a metabolic syndrome. The majority of patients (82.5%) was treated with statins. The univariate significant (P < 0.10) predictors of attaining LDL-C goal were the following: (a) nonsmoker, (b) no history of PAD or CAD, (c) absence of metabolic syndrome, (d) lower CV risk category, (e) absence of patient's concerns about treatment changes, (f) no withdrawal of lipid-lowering therapy when on target, (g) optimal. treatment adherence, (h) no patient's frustrations, (i) lipid-monitoring frequency, (j) physician being a specialist and (k) physicians finding it stressful to get patients on target. In an adjusted multi-level model, achievement of the LDL-C goals was significantly associated with: (a) type of lipid-lowering therapy, (b) risk category the patient fell into, (c) LDL-C level before initiating treatment, (d) patient's feelings about the treatment, (e) patient's acknowledgement about current cholesterol level and (f) self-reported drug compliance.
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PMID:Centralized Pan-European survey on the undertreatment of hypercholesterolaemia (CEPHEUS). 1947 9


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