Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase)
 9,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human chi-alcohol dehydrogenase (chi-ADH) is a zinc-containing dimeric enzyme responsible for the oxidation of long-chain alcohols and omega-hydroxyfatty acids. Class-III ADHs, of which chi-ADH is the prototype, are widely produced and well conserved during evolution. This suggests that they fulfill important housekeeping roles in cellular metabolism. Recent evidence suggests that class-III ADH and formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH) are the same enzyme. We have isolated and characterized two overlapping genomic clones that cover the entire ADH5 (FDH) gene. ADH5 is composed of nine exons and eight introns. Two major transcription start points were identified by primer extension. The 5' nontranslated region is unusual in that it contains two additional upstream ATG codons, which would encode peptides of 20 and 10 amino acids. Neither of the upstream ATGs is in a good context for translation initiation, whereas the ATG initiating &khgr;-ADH is in a favorable context. The 5' region of ADH5 is a CpG island; it is extremely G+C rich and has many CpG doublets. It does not contain either a TATA box or a CAAT box. This is consistent with ubiquitous expression, and contrasts with the promoters of all previously cloned ADH genes, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. The 5' region of ADH5 contains consensus binding sites for the transcriptional regulatory proteins, Sp1, AP2, LF-A1, NF-1, NF-A2, and NF-E1. A 1.5-kb upstream fragment from ADH5 was able to drive the transcription of a cat reporter gene at high levels in monkey kidney cells (CV-1). Several processed pseudogenes were also isolated.
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PMID:Cloning and characterization of the ADH5 gene encoding human alcohol dehydrogenase 5, formaldehyde dehydrogenase. 144 28

Variable prevalence rates of damselfish neurofibromatosis (DNF) between Florida Keys reefs have previously been used as evidence against a genetic etiology of DNF in favor of an infectious etiology. Such a conclusion also presumes a genetically homogeneous population, that is, panmixia, throughout the reef system population. In order to address this issue, we conducted a survey of allozyme variation in two closely situated populations of the bicolor damselfish (Pomacentrus partitus) within the Florida Keys. The results suggest that gene flow between these two populations is restricted. Data analyses show significant heterogeneity in allelic frequencies at two enzyme-coding loci (ACO1 and ADH) and a relatively high estimate of genetic distance between samples from Little Grecian Rocks Reef and Grecian Rocks Reef. These preliminary findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the etiology of DNF is genetic. It is of some interest that these results are in contrast to previous studies of genetic differentiation among widely separated populations of coral reef fishes. Sufficient allozyme variation was detected (12 out of 23 loci were polymorphic) to allow for a subsequent rigorous assessment of panmixia in these populations at risk for DNF.
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PMID:Possible genetic etiology of damselfish neurofibromatosis: genetic differentiation of bicolor damselfish (Pomacentrus partitus) populations. 315 78

This review focuses on the regulation of the mammalian medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes. This family of genes encodes enzymes involved in the reversible oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. Interest in these enzymes is increased because of their role in the metabolism of beverage alcohol as well as retinol, and their influence on the risk for alcoholism. There are six known classes ADH genes that evolved from a common ancestor. ADH genes differ in their patterns of expression: most are expressed in overlapping tissue-specific patterns, but class III ADH genes are expressed ubiquitously. All have proximal promoters with multiple cis-acting elements. These elements, and the transcription factors that can interact with them, are being defined. Subtle differences in sequence can affect affinity for these factors, and thereby influence the expression of the genes. This provides an interesting system in which to examine the evolution of tissue specificity. Among transcription factors that are important in multiple members of this gene family are the C/EBPs, Sp1,USF, and AP1, HNF-1, CTF/NF-1, glucocorticoid, and retinoic acid receptors, and several as-yet unidentified negative elements, are important in at least one of the genes. There is evidence that cis-acting elements located far from the proximal promoter are necessary for proper expression. Three of the genes have upstream AUGs in the 5' nontranslated regions of their mRNA, unusual for mammalian genes. The upstream AUGs have been shown to significantly affect expression of the human ADH5 gene.
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PMID:Regulation of the mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase genes. 1069 13