Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase)
9,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human gamma 1 gamma 1 alcohol dehydrogenase is quite insensitive to inactivation by iodoacetate, its equine counterpart EE highly sensitive, and the human beta 1 beta 1 form intermediately sensitive. Imidazole hardly influences the iodoacetate inactivation of gamma 1 gamma 1, enhances that of EE and decreases that of beta 1 beta 1. In all isozymes, metal-binding Cys residues are the most reactive, but the patterns for those binding the active site zinc atom differ. In phosphate, Cys-46 is most sensitive in EE and gamma 1 gamma 1, Cys-174 in beta 1 beta 1. This difference appears to correlate with the absence or presence, respectively, of an extra methyl group in the side-chain at position 48 (Ser in EE and gamma 1 gamma 1, Thr in beta 1 beta 1). In imidazole, the reactivity in beta 1 beta 1 is shifted to Cys-46, while the specificity is enhanced in EE and decreased in gamma 1 gamma 1. Thus, the inactivations illustrate large differences among structures closely related.
...
PMID:Closely related isozymes of alcohol dehydrogenase. Carboxymethylation: gamma 1 gamma 1 differs widely from both beta 1 beta 1 and its equine equivalence EE. 199 31

Conformational models of the three characterized classes of mammalian liver alcohol dehydrogenase were constructed using computer graphics based on the known three-dimensional structure of the E subunit of the horse enzyme (class I) and the primary structures of the three human enzyme classes. This correlates the substrate-binding pockets of the class I subunits (alpha, beta and gamma in the human enzyme) with those of the class II and III subunits (pi and chi, respectively) for three enzymes that differ in substrate specificity, inhibition pattern and many other properties. The substrate-binding sites exhibit pronounced differences in both shape and properties. Comparing human class I subunits with those of class II and III subunits there are no less than 8 and 10 replacements, respectively, out of 11 residues in the substrate pocket, while in the human class I isozyme variants, only 1-3 of these 11 positions differ. A single residue, Val294, is conserved throughout. The liver alcohol dehydrogenases, with different substrate-specificity pockets, resemble the patterns of other enzyme families such as the pancreatic serine proteases. The inner part of the substrate cleft in the class II and III enzymes is smaller than in the horse class I enzyme, because both Ser48 and Phe93 are replaced by larger residues, Thr and Tyr, respectively. In class II, the residues in the substrate pocket are larger in about half of the positions. It is rich in aromatic residues, four Phe and one Tyr, making the substrate site distinctly smaller than in the class I subunits. In class III, the inner part of the substrate cleft is narrow but the outer part considerably wider and more polar than in the class I and II enzymes. In addition, Ser (or Thr) and Tyr in class II and III instead of His51 may influence proton abstraction/donation at the active site.
...
PMID:Comparison of three classes of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Emphasis on different substrate binding pockets. 222 53

The human liver alpha alpha alcohol dehydrogenase exhibits a different substrate specificity and stereospecificity for secondary alcohols than the human beta 1 beta 1, and gamma 1 gamma 1 or horse liver alcohol dehydrogenases. All of the enzymes efficiently oxidize primary alcohols, but alpha alpha oxidizes secondary alcohols far more efficiently than human beta 1 beta 1 and gamma 1 gamma 1 or horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Specifically, alpha alpha oxidizes four- and five-carbon secondary alcohols with efficiencies 0.06-2.2 times that of primary homologs and oxidizes these secondary alcohols with efficiencies up to 3 orders of magnitude greater than those of the three other isoenzymes. Whereas the human beta 1 beta 1, gamma 1 gamma 1 and horse isoenzymes show a distinct preference toward (S)-(+)-3-methyl-2-butanol, the alpha alpha isoenzyme prefers (R)-(-)-3-methyl-2-butanol. Computer-simulated graphics demonstrate that the horse subunit accommodates (S)-(+)-3-methyl-2-butanol within the active site much better than the opposite stereoisomer, primarily due to steric hindrance caused by Phe-93. Human alpha may accommodate (R)-(-)-3-methyl-2-butanol better than (S)-(+)-3-methyl-2-butanol because of close contacts between the latter and Thr-48. These observations suggest that substitutions at positions 93 and 48 in the active site of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes may determine their substrate specificity for secondary alcohols.
...
PMID:Stereospecific oxidation of secondary alcohols by human alcohol dehydrogenases. 273 60

The alpha subunit of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase has been submitted to structural analysis. Together with earlier work on the beta and gamma subunits, the results allow conclusions on the relationship of all known forms of the class I type of the enzyme. Two segments of the alpha subunit were determined; one was also reinvestigated in the beta and gamma subunits. The results establish 11 residue replacements among class I subunits in the segments analyzed and show that the alpha, beta, and gamma protein chains each are structurally distinct in the active site regions, where replacements affect positions influencing coenzyme binding (position 47; Gly in alpha, Arg in beta and gamma) and substrate specificity (position 48; Thr in alpha and beta, Ser in gamma). Residue 128, previously not detected in beta and gamma subunits, corresponds to a position of another isozyme difference (Arg in beta and gamma, Ser in alpha). The many amino acid replacements in alcohol dehydrogenases even at their active sites illustrate that in judgements of enzyme functions absolute importance of single residues should not be overemphasized. Available data suggest that alpha and gamma are the more dissimilar forms within the family of the three class I subunits that have resulted from two gene duplications. The class distinction of alcohol dehydrogenases previously suggested from enzymatic, electrophoretic, and immunological properties therefore also holds true in relation to their structures.
...
PMID:Structural relationships among class I isozymes of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase. 293 88

Class I human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) consists of several homo- and heterodimers of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits that are governed by the ADH1, ADH2, and ADH3 loci. We previously cloned a full length of cDNA for the beta subunit, and the complete sequence of 374 amino acid residues was established. cDNAs for the alpha and gamma subunits were cloned and characterized. A human liver cDNA library, constructed in phage lambda gt11, was screened by using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe that was matched to the gamma but not to the beta sequence. Clone pUCADH gamma 21 and clone pUCADH alpha 15L differed from beta cDNA with respect to restriction sites and hybridization with the nucleotide probe. Clone pUCADH gamma 21 contained an insertion of 1.5 kilobase pairs (kbp) and encodes 374 amino acid residues compatible with the reported amino acid sequence of the gamma subunit. Clone pUCADH alpha 15L contained an insertion of 2.4 kbp and included nucleotide sequences that encode 374 amino acid residues for another subunit, the alpha subunit. In addition, this clone contained the sequences that encode the COOH-terminal part of the beta subunit at its extended 5' region. The amino acid sequences and coding regions of the cDNAs of the three subunits are very similar (approximately 93-95% identity). A high degree of resemblance is observed also in their 3' noncoding regions. However, distinctive differences exist in the vicinity of the Zn-binding cysteine residue at position 46--i.e., Cys-Gly-Thr in the alpha, Cys-Arg-Thr in the wild-type beta 1, Cys-His-Thr in the Oriental-type beta 2, and Cys-Arg-Ser in the gamma, reflecting the differences in their kinetic properties. Based on the cDNA sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences of the three subunits, their structural and evolutionary relationships are discussed.
...
PMID:Three human alcohol dehydrogenase subunits: cDNA structure and molecular and evolutionary divergence. 293 75

Thirty-three metabolites were observed in perchloric acid extracts of four different tissues by in vitro 1H-NMR, GC-MS and alcohol dehydrogenase assay, and the information was used to interpret an in vivo two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect 1H-NMR spectrum. The metabolite profiles of the different tissues indicate a number of potential tissue-specific markers: N-acetylaspartate and gamma-aminobutyric acid for rat brain, glutamine/glutamic acid ratio for dog heart, arginine and sucrose for carrot, and t-aconitate, sucrose, asparagine/aspartic acid concentration ratios for corn roots. gamma-Aminobutyric acid and malate can be regarded as metabolic indicators for stressed corn roots. Concentrations of threonine and valine in corn roots were constant under hypoxic and salt stress, and can serve as internal standards for both in vivo and in vitro NMR studies. The in vitro information was further used to identify 12 compounds from the in vivo 1H-NMR spectra (including the two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectrum) of a carrot cylinder by correlating the chemical shift and nuclear Overhauser effect information. Thus, our choice of methods with a capability for structural determination allows the characterization of complex tissue extracts with minimum sample preparation, and supports, as well as complements, in vivo 1H-NMR investigations of metabolism.
...
PMID:Combined use of 1H-NMR and GC-MS for metabolite monitoring and in vivo 1H-NMR assignments. 301 Nov 12

Expression and secretion of two lymphokines, murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MuGM-CSF) and bovine interleukin-2 (BoIL-2), to levels of 50-60 mg per liter were achieved by placing these cDNAs in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression vector that utilized the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase-2 promoter and alpha-factor leader peptide. These lymphokines were purified to homogeneity by direct application of the crude yeast medium to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Despite the fact that both lymphokines contain at least one N-glycosylation site and have identical N-terminal residues (Ala-Pro-Thr), recombinant (R) GM-CSF was found to be heterogeneously glycosylated by yeast while RBoIL-2 was secreted without glycosylation. Additionally, approximately 40% of the RGM-CSF was found to be proteolytically cleaved after the second amino acid residue, while RBoIL-2 was found to be intact.
...
PMID:Expression, purification and characterization of recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and bovine interleukin-2 from yeast. 331 85

One of the promises held out by protein engineering is the ability to alter predictably the properties of an enzyme to enable it to find new substrates or catalyse existing substrates more efficiently, such manipulations being of interest both enzymologically and, potentially, industrially. It has been postulated that in yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH-1) certain amino acids such as Trp 93 and Thr 48 constrict the active site due to their bulky side chains and thus impede catalysis of molecules larger than ethanol. To study effects of enlarging the active site we have made two changes into YADH-1, replacing Trp 93 with Phe and Thr 48 with Ser. Kinetic experiments showed that this enzyme had marked increases in reaction velocity for the n-alcohols propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol and cinnamyl alcohol compared to the parent, agreeing with the prediction that expanding the active site should facilitate the oxidation of larger alcohols. The substrate affinities were slightly reduced in the altered enzyme, possibly due to its having reduced hydrophobicity at Phe 93.
...
PMID:Protein engineering of alcohol dehydrogenase--1. Effects of two amino acid changes in the active site of yeast ADH-1. 333 42

The active-site zinc atom of the beta 1 beta 1 isozyme of class I alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) from human liver was specifically removed by the chelating agent dipicolinic acid. From beta 1 gamma 1 and gamma 1 gamma 1 isozyme the active-site zinc is extracted much more slowly than from beta 1 beta 1 isozyme. Only partially active-site metal-depleted enzyme species were obtained from these isozymes. The active-site-specific reconstituted cobalt(II) derivative of the beta 1 beta 1 isozyme shows spectroscopic properties comparable to those of the active-site-specific reconstituted cobalt(II) horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. The coenzyme-induced conformational change of the protein leads to a red shift of the d-d band from 648 nm to 673 nm. The chromophoric substrate trans-4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-cinnamaldehyde forms ternary complexes with NADH and the different isozymes, in close analogy to horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. The differences in the active sites between beta 1 and gamma 1 subunits (threonine-48 instead of serine-48) or between zinc and cobalt(II) are reflected in the visible absorption spectra of the metal-bound chromophoric substrate.
...
PMID:Active-site-specific zinc-depleted and reconstituted cobalt(II) human-liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Preparation, characterization and complexation with NADH and trans-4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-cinnamaldehyde. 336 8

The complete nucleotide sequence of the extracellular glucoamylase gene STA1 from the yeast Saccharomyces diastaticus has been determined. A single open reading frame codes for a 778-amino-acid protein which contains 13 potential N-glycosylation sites. In the 5'- and 3'-flanking regions of the gene, there are striking sequence homologies to the corresponding regions of ADH1 for alcohol dehydrogenase and MAT alpha 2 for mating type control in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The putative precursor begins with a hydrophobic segment that presumably acts as a signal sequence for secretion. The presumptive signal sequence showed a significant homology to that of Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase precursor. The next segment, of ca. 320 amino acids, contains a threonine-rich tract in which direct repeat sequences of 35 amino acids exist, and is bordered by a pair of basic amino acid residues (Lys-Lys) which may be a proteolytic processing signal. The carboxy-terminal half of the precursor is a presumptive glucoamylase which contains several peptide segments showing a high degree of homology with alpha-amylases from widely diverse organisms including a procaryote (B. subtilis) and eucaryotes (Aspergillus oryzae and mouse). Analysis of both the nucleotide sequence of the STA1 gene and the amino acid composition of the purified glucoamylase suggested that the putative precursor is processed to yield subunits H and Y of mature enzyme by both trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like cleavages.
...
PMID:Nucleotide sequence of the extracellular glucoamylase gene STA1 in the yeast Saccharomyces diastaticus. 391 17


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>

---