Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase)
9,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Wine strains belonging to the genus Leuconostoc were classified as Leuconostoc oenos by Garvie in 1967, and this name was confirmed on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names in 1980. L. oenos is distinguished from other Leuconostoc spp. by its growth in acidic media, by its requirement for a growth factor in tomato juice, and by a number of carbohydrate fermentation characteristics. In addition, the results of a total soluble cell protein analysis, an electrophoretic analysis of NAD-dependent D-(-)-lactate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydrogenase, and an analysis of cross-reactivity with anti-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and anti-NAD-dependent D-(-)-lactate dehydrogenase performed with other Leuconostoc spp. clearly indicated that L. oenos should be distinguished from the other Leuconostoc species. Phylogenetic studies, in particular 16S and 23S rRNA sequencing studies, have revealed that L. oenos represents a distinct subline that is separate from other Leuconostoc spp. and lactic acid bacteria. In view of the phenotypic and phylogenetic distinctiveness of L. oenos, we propose that this species should be assigned to a new genus as Oenococcus oeni [corrig.] gen. nov., comb. nov. The type strain of O. oeni is NCDO 1674 (= ATCC 23179).
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PMID:Proposal to reclassify Leuconostoc oenos as Oenococcus oeni [corrig.] gen. nov., comb. nov.. 753 74

An expression system for Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) has been developed which, depending on the chosen vector, allows the constitutive expression of proteins at different levels over a range of three orders of magnitude and in different genetic backgrounds. The expression system is comprised of cassettes composed of a weak CYC1 promoter, the ADH promoter or the stronger TEF and GPD promoters, flanked by a cloning array and the CYC1 terminator. The multiple cloning array based on pBIISK (Stratagene) provides six to nine unique restriction sites, which facilitates the cloning of genes and allows for the directed cloning of cDNAs by the widely used ZAP system (Stratagene). Expression cassettes were placed into both the centromeric and 2 mu plasmids of the pRS series [Sikorski and Hieter, Genetics 122 (1989) 19-27; Christianson et al., Gene 110 (1992) 119-122] containing HIS3, TRP1, LEU2 or URA3 markers. The 32 expression vectors created by this strategy provide a powerful tool for the convenient cloning and the controlled expression of genes or cDNAs in nearly every genetic background of the currently used Sc strains.
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PMID:Yeast vectors for the controlled expression of heterologous proteins in different genetic backgrounds. 773 4

The level of diversity, degree of enzyme polymorphism, effective population size, and the relative roles of drift and selection were examined in a cross-section of a natural Escherichia coli population based on random samples of haplotypes of E. coli isolated from sewage. The population studied contained E. coli strains derived from a human population of approximately 16,000 individuals, as well as from other sources. Three sample sets were taken between May and August. Each set consisted of 100 E. coli clones. Six enzyme loci [GPI (5 alleles), GPD (5 alleles), PGD (10 alleles), ADH (8 alleles), IDH (6 alleles), PGM (6 alleles)] were surveyed electrophoretically for each clone; 159 different haplotypes were obtained and it is likely that all possible combinations are present in the population sampled. The large numbers of different haplotypes observed were distributed as a series of four genetically similar families of clones. The large estimated effective population size (Ne = 10(10)) means that the observed large and highly significant changes in allele frequencies with time are not due to genetic drift. Selection, though not necessarily at the loci studied, is considered the only likely explanation.
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PMID:Biochemical genetics of a natural population of Escherichia coli: seasonal changes in alleles and haplotypes. 777 81

Continuous beds derivatized with three triazine dyes (Cibacron Blue 3G-A, Pricon Red HE-3B and Pricon Red H-3B) were used for chromatographic purification of dehydrogenases from yeast enzyme concentrate. All three columns, which were prepared by a very simple and cost-effective method, provided strong binding of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase. The Cibacron Blue 3G-A column showed high affinity for alcohol dehydrogenase. Under the same conditions, the Pricon Red HE-3B column showed a lower affinity and the Pricon Red H-3B column showed none. The adsorbed dehydrogenases were eluted specifically from the columns in high yields (71-113% by desorption with the coenzymes NADP, NADH and NAD respectively). Non-specific binding of human serum albumin and transferrin to these columns was also investigated. Enzyme assays and analyses by capillary electrophoresis showed that the continuous beds derivatized with triazine dyes gave a high degree of purification.
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PMID:Dye-ligand affinity chromatography on continuous beds. 779 90

1. Endosulfan insecticide is a polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects; it is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish and can cause massive mortalities. In fish, it causes marked changes in Na and K concentrations, decrease in blood Ca(2+) and Mg levels and inhibits Na, K and Mg-dependent ATPase (in brain). 2. Bioaccumulation of endosulfan is reported for marine animals; however, freshwater animals (e.g., crayfish) accumulate it to some extent, but they lose the compound rapidly during depuration. Endosulfan is generally less toxic to aquatic invertebrates than fish. However, it causes decreases in adenylate energy charge, oxygen consumption, hemolymph amino acids, succinate dehydrogenase, heart-beat (mussel) and altered osmoregulation. 3. Generally, mammals are less susceptible to endosulfan's toxicity than aquatic animals. The majority of studies conducted on laboratory mammals can be summarized. (a) Neurotoxicity: male rats are more sensitive than females to endosulfan, which decreases brain and plasma acetylcholinesterase activity. Endosulfan I (a metabolite) causes a significant change in norepinephrine, 5-HT and GABA. (b) Renal toxicity: inhibition of MFOs activity was noticed in rats; other effects included changes in proximal convoluted tubules and necrosis of the tubular epithelium. (c) Hepatotoxicity: chemically-induced aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydrolase were found in rat liver, and reduction in the glycogen level occurred. (d) Hematologic toxicity: endosulfan exposure resulted in a significant decrease in the level occurred. (d) Hematologic toxicity: endosulfan exposure resulted in a significant decrease in the erythrocyte glutathione reductase, hemoglobin amount, RBC number and mean corpuscular volume. 4. Respiratory toxicity: involved dyspnea, acute emphysema, cyanosis and hemorrhages in teh interalveolar portions of rat's lungs. 5. Biochemical: in rats, endosulfan caused increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, blood glucose level, phospholipid contents of the microsomal and surfactant system, and profoundly induced the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and cytosolic glutathione S-transferases. It also decreased significantly Na+, K+ and Mg(2+) ATPases, plasma calcium level and alkaline phosphatase in the intestinal epithelium. 6. Immunologic toxicity: rat serum antibody titer to tetanus toxin, IgG, IgM and gammaglobulins were significantly reduced. 7. Reproductive toxicity: degenerative changes in the seminiferous epithelium, induction of the rate-limiting enzyme in testosterone production (3beta-hydroxysteroid transferase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid transferase), histological changes in reproductive organs, testicular atrophy and the occurrence of ovarian cysts were noticed in rat. Reduction in the weight of secondary sex organ was also observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Bioaccumulative potential and toxicity of endosulfan insecticide to non-target animals. 790 Sep 59

In order to determine whether the changes in the activities and mRNA levels of enzymes involved in intermediary carbon metabolism previously observed in glucose-limited continuous cultures (Sierkstra et al., 1992a) were glucose specific, we have analysed their regulation in a galactose-limited continuous culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Vmax of the galactose uptake system was shown to be dilution rate (D) dependent, comparable with the high-affinity glucose uptake. The maximum uptake was observed at D 0.2 h-1 (0.25 mmol min-1 per g) and the minimum uptake (0.1 mmol min-1 per g) at D 0.05 h-1 and 0.3 h-1. The aerobic fermentation of galactose occurred at D 0.275-0.3 h-1 which is identical to the results obtained in glucose-limited continuous cultures of this strain. Because galactose is not a repressing carbon source, this demonstrates that the Crabtree effect is not mediated by, or in any way related to glucose repression. Moreover, invertase and hexokinase I mRNA levels (both subject to glucose repression at the transcriptional level) were present when the yeast produced ethanol in galactose- and glucose-limited continuous cultures. In glucose-limited continuous cultures a decrease in alcohol dehydrogenase (I and II) mRNA levels and activity and phosphoglucomutase activity was observed with increasing dilution rates. In addition, at D 0.3 h-1, when the yeast produced ethanol, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase were induced and a decrease in respiration was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Regulation of glycolytic enzymes and the Crabtree effect in galactose-limited continuous cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 836 13

Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-dependent endonuclease activity, is often used to implicate a role for increased intracellular calcium in mechanistic toxicology studies. We report here on the ability of ATA to inhibit the activity of several NAD(H)/NADP(H)-requiring enzymes (purified or cellular homogenates), including lactic dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, cytochrome c reductase, ethoxycoumarin o-dealkylase, isocitric dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. These results were compared with the ability of ATA to inhibit micrococcal nuclease and rat liver Ca(2+)-dependent endonuclease activity in similar incubations. With the exception of alcohol dehydrogenase, ATA was a potent inhibitor of each of the purified enzymes, with IC50s ranging from 0.5 to 82 microM. In cell homogenates, however, ATA was from 10 to 100-fold less potent at inhibiting these enzymes. When exogenous protein was added to purified enzyme incubations, the effect of ATA was similarly diminished. Our results demonstrate that ATA inhibits a wide range of NAD(H)/NADP(H)-requiring enzymes in in vitro incubations using purified enzymes, but that the inhibitory effects are markedly reduced in incubations which more closely resemble a cellular milieu.
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PMID:Inhibition of NAD(H)/NADP(H)--requiring enzymes by aurintricarboxylic acid. 855 68

Seven enzyme activities were measured in Drosophila melanogaster lines in which spontaneous mutations had accumulated over about 300 generations under the minimum pressure of natural selection. These enzymes included alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (alpha GPDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) and alpha-amylase (AMY). A significant genetic variance was observed for some enzyme activities. The mutations which alter the enzyme activities are called modifier mutations. The magnitudes of the genetic variance in modifier mutations differed greatly among enzymes but were often similar between two series of mutation accumulation lines (AW and JH). This may therefore indicate that the number of modifiers is specific for each enzyme system. The modifier mutation rate is suggested to be one of the clues for assessing the maintenance mechanism of protein polymorphism in natural populations.
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PMID:A quantitative analysis of modifier mutations which occur in mutation accumulation lines in Drosophila melanogaster. 857 29

Coenzyme F420 is a 5-deazaflavin. Upon reduction, 1,5-dihydro-coenzyme F420 is formed with a prochiral center at C5. In this study we report that the F420-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium smegmatis and the F420-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Methanoculleus thermophilicus are Si-face stereospecific with respect to C5 of the 5-deazaflavin. These results were obtained by following the stereochemical course of the reversible incorporation of 3H into F420 from tritium-labeled substrates. Our findings bring to eight the number of coenzyme-F420-dependent enzymes shown to be Si-face stereospecific. No F420-dependent enzyme with Re-face stereospecificity is known. This is noteworthy since coenzyme F420 is functionally similar to pyridine nucleotides for which both Si-face and Re-face specific enzymes have been found.
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PMID:Si-face stereospecificity at C5 of coenzyme F420 for F420-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium smegmatis and F420-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Methanoculleus thermophilicus. 870 24

The hypothesis that aging is associated with the accumulation of oxidative damage was tested in the adult male housefly by monitoring the loss of membrane protein -SH groups, and activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase, the cytosolic enzymes that are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage. Membrane protein -SH content and activities of these enzymes decreased with age and were correlated with the life expectancy or physiological age rather than the chronological age of the flies. Because the experimentally-induced loss of membrane protein -SH groups has a demonstrable deleterious effect on a variety of cellular functions, such damage during aging can be hypothesized to contribute to the physiological attrition associated with senescence.
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PMID:Aging and protein oxidative damage. 912 50


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