Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: DrugBank:EXPT03226 (vitamin E)
 17,558 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is accumulating evidence that free radicals may contribute to various diseases such as cancer or cardiovascular disease. Possible health hazards can to some extent be prevented by the body's multilevel defense system against free radicals, which comprises, besides others, antioxidant vitamins. The 12-year mortality follow-up of 2,974 participants of the Basal Study allowed to test the hypothesis that low antioxidant vitamin plasma concentrations (vitamin A, C, E and carotene) were associated with increased death from cancer of various sites and death from atherosclerosis such as ischemic heart disease and stroke, respectively. For the analysis 204 cancer cases, 132 fatalities from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and 31 deaths from cerebral vascular disease were available. Cancer mortality. Overall mortality from cancer was associated with low mean plasma levels of carotene adjusted for cholesterol (p less than 0.01) and of vitamin C (p less than 0.01). Bronchus and stomach cancers were associated with a low mean plasma carotene level (p less than 0.01). Subjects with subsequent stomach cancer had also lower mean vitamin C and lipid-adjusted vitamin A levels than survivors (p less than 0.05). Calculating the relative risk with exclusion of mortality during the first two years of follow-up, low plasma carotene was associated with an increased risk for bronchus cancer (RR 1.8, p less than 0.05), and the small number of stomach cancer cases (RR 2.95, p less than 0.05) low plasma levels of carotene and vitamin A with all cancer types (RR 2.47, p less than 0.01), and low plasma retinol in older subjects (greater than 60 years) with lung cancer (RR 2.17, p less than 0.05). Studies in other cohorts with a poor vitamin E status revealed an increased risk of subsequent cancer at low vitamin E levels as well. It is concluded that low plasma levels of all major essential antioxidants are associated with an increased risk of subsequent cancer mortality. Cardio-vascular mortality. Plasma carotene concentration below quartile 1 was associated with an increased risk for IHD (RR 1.53, p = 0.02). The same was true for low levels of both carotene and vitamin C (RR = 1.96, p = 0.022). The risk of cerebrovascular death was elevated in subjects with low carotene in the presence of low vitamin C plasma concentration (RR 4.17, p less than 0.01). These data confirm and extend recent findings on an inverse correlation of beta-carotene and vitamin C respectively to CVD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Inverse correlation between essential antioxidants in plasma and subsequent risk to develop cancer, ischemic heart disease and stroke respectively: 12-year follow-up of the Prospective Basel Study. 145 Jun

In a case-control study to determine the risk of developing lung cancer, the serum levels of vitamins A and E, carotene and selenium were determined in 31 patients, newly diagnosed as having lung cancer, and in matched controls, the said controls being selected from outpatients with no cancer. A significant, inverse association was found between serum vitamins A and E and lung cancer. The relative risk for the low vs high tertiles were, respectively, 5.94 for serum vitamin A and 8.44 for serum vitamin E. Taking histological cancer subtype into account, no relation was revealed between the microelements and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. The relative risk for lung cancer was 6.50, however, when three, or all four, microelement levels were in the lowest tertile, compared with there being fewer than three in the lowest tertile. Even when three microelements, excluding vitamin E which had the most significant inverse association with lung cancer, were considered, the relative risk was 7.50 when any two or all three were in the lowest tertile, compared with there being just one microelement or none at all in the lowest tertile. A combined effect of vitamins A and E, carotene and selenium on the development of lung cancer has, therefore, been suggested. Further studies will thus be necessary to elucidate the cumulative effect of the serum micronutrients and trace elements, as well as the effect of single elements, on the development of lung cancer.
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PMID:An evaluation of serum microelement concentrations in lung cancer and matched non-cancer patients to determine the risk of developing lung cancer: a preliminary study. 161 84

Tin miners in Yunnan Province in southern China have an extremely high rate of lung cancer, more than one percent per year among those at 'high risk' (40+ years old, with 10+ years of underground mining and/or smelting experience). The extraordinary lung cancer rates result from combined exposure to radon, arsenic, and tobacco smoking (cigarettes and/or bamboo water pipe). A study to determine the feasibility of conducting a large-scale, lung-cancer chemoprevention trial was conducted in 1986 among currently employed or retired miners from the Yunnan Tin Corporation in the city of Gejiu. The study was designed to answer four questions: (i) Could potentially eligible miners be identified and recruited? (ii) Could intervention agents be shipped successfully from the United States to the study area and be appropriately distributed? (iii) Would miners adequately adhere to the study protocol and comply with the intervention regimen? (iv) Could potential adverse effects be monitored and documented? The six-month feasibility study yielded affirmative answers to each of these questions. A roster of over 7,000 high-risk miners was compiled. Four agents (vitamin A, 25,000 IU; beta-carotene, 50 mg; vitamin E, 800 IU; and selenium, 400 micrograms) were administered daily with placebos to 350 miners according to a 2(4) factorial design. Adherence, assessed by pill counts and serum micronutrient levels, was approximately 90 percent. The findings from this preliminary study indicate that a full-scale, lung-cancer chemoprevention trial in this population is feasible.
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PMID:Feasibility of conducting a lung-cancer chemoprevention trial among tin miners in Yunnan, P. R. China. 187 48

The relation between the intake of retinoids, carotenoids, vitamin E, vitamin C, and selenium and the subsequent risk of lung cancer was studied among 4,538 initially cancer-free Finnish men aged 20-69 years. During a follow-up of 20 years beginning in 1966-1972, 117 lung cancer cases were diagnosed. Inverse gradients were observed between the intake of carotenoids, vitamin E, and vitamin C and the incidence of lung cancer among nonsmokers, for whom the age-adjusted relative risks of lung cancer in the lowest tertile of intake compared with that in the highest tertile were 2.5 (p value for trend = 0.04), 3.1 (p = 0.12), and 3.1 (p less than 0.01) for the three intakes, respectively. Adjustment for various potential confounding factors did not materially alter the results, and the associations did not seem to be due to preclinical cancer. In the total cohort, there was an inverse association between intake of margarine and fruits and risk of lung cancer. The relative risk of lung cancer for the lowest compared with the highest tertile of margarine intake was 4.0 (p less than 0.001), and that for fruits was 1.8 (p = 0.01). These associations persisted after adjustment for the micronutrient intakes and were stronger among nonsmokers. The results suggest that carotenoids, vitamin E, and vitamin C may be protective against lung cancer among nonsmokers. Food sources rich in these micronutrients may also have other constituents with independent protective effects against lung cancer.
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PMID:Dietary antioxidants and the risk of lung cancer. 146 77

Approximately 90 epidemiologic studies have examined the role of vitamin C or vitamin-C-rich foods in cancer prevention, and the vast majority have found statistically significant protective effects. Evidence is strong for cancers of the esophagus, oral cavity, stomach, and pancreas. There is also substantial evidence of a protective effect in cancers of the cervix, rectum, and breast. Even in lung cancer, for which carotenoids show a consistent protective effect, there is recent evidence of a role for vitamin C. Vitamin C is an important antioxidant and free radical scavenger in plasma and acts to regenerate active vitamin E in lipid membranes. Although several different factors in fruits and vegetables probably act jointly, the epidemiologic and biochemical evidence indicate an important role for vitamin C.
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PMID:Epidemiologic evidence regarding vitamin C and cancer. 846 Jun 19

In 1974 and 1975, serum specimens were collected from 25,802 volunteers in Washington County, Maryland. The serum was kept frozen at -73 degrees C until the time of assay. Prediagnostic samples from 436 cancer cases and 765 matched control subjects have been assayed. Nine sites have been studied: colon, rectum, pancreas, lung, melanoma, basal cell of skin, breast, prostate, and bladder. Serum beta-carotene levels showed a strong protective association with lung cancer, suggestive protective associations with melanoma and bladder cancer, and a suggestive but nonprotective association with rectal cancer. Serum vitamin E levels had a protective association with lung cancer; none of the other sites showed impressive associations. Low levels of serum lycopene were strongly associated with pancreatic cancer and less strongly associated with cancer of the bladder and rectum.
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PMID:Prediagnostic serum levels of carotenoids and vitamin E as related to subsequent cancer in Washington County, Maryland. 198 96

Antioxidant micronutrients are one of the body's primary defenses against free radicals and reactive oxygen molecules. Carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E trap these molecules, and selenium is an essential component of an antioxidant enzyme. There is considerable support from animal studies for a protective effect of antioxidant micronutrients on cancer. However, the role of these micronutrients in cancer prevention in humans is less clear. Diet studies suggest protective effects of fruits and vegetables on risk of cancer at several sites. Inverse associations between dietary carotenoids and serum beta-carotene and lung cancer have been observed repeatedly. Vitamin C has also been consistently inversely associated with risk of oral and esophageal cancer in diet studies and with stomach cancer in both diet and plasma studies. It remains unknown, however, whether carotenoids and vitamin C or some other component of fruits and vegetables, the primary sources of these micronutrients, prevent cancer in humans. Selenium has been inversely correlated with cancers at numerous sites in ecologic studies, but observational studies do not provide strong support for a protective effect of selenium on cancer at any site. There also is not strong support for a protective effect of vitamin E on cancer in humans. Results of studies on the association of antioxidant micronutrients with cancer at many sites are inconsistent. This could be due to lack of a true protective effect or could be related to methodologic problems in assessing dietary intake in epidemiologic studies.
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PMID:Antioxidant micronutrients in cancer prevention. 202 68

Several factors are known to promote the development of a lung cancer. Smoking, occupation, environment, chronic bronchitis, and scars in the lung are all risk factors. Many studies have stressed the importance of nutrition, in particular vitamins. Vitamin A is necessary for cell differentiation. Retrospective and prospective studies have proven the inverse relation between provitamin A, beta-carotene, and lung cancer of the squamous and oat cell types. Studies in which beta-carotene or natural vitamin A are supplied to smokers, controls, and patients after resection for lung cancer are in progress. The study of other vitamins such as vitamin C and vitamin E has not led to definitive conclusions. The trace element selenium may also exert a beneficial effect.
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PMID:Vitamins and lung cancer. 211 8

In a case-control study, serum levels of vitamins E, C, and A, carotenoids, total cholesterol, and retinol-binding protein along with smoking levels were studied on 59 persons newly diagnosed with lung cancer and also on matched hospitalized controls. The relative risk for smoking increased with the number of pack years of cigarettes smoked. Cases had significantly lower serum levels of carotenoids, vitamin E, and total cholesterol. Adjustment for serum cholesterol levels diminished the case-control difference for serum carotenoid levels and reduced the case-control difference for serum vitamin E levels. The results indicate that serum vitamin E may also be associated with lung cancer, possibly to a greater degree than serum retinol (vitamin A) is associated with lung cancer.
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PMID:A case-control study of serum vitamins A, E, and C in lung cancer patients. 221 98

The authors conducted a dietary methodology study in 1984 in Finnish men aged 55-69 years in order to validate two dietary assessment instruments being used in the US-Finland Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Lung Cancer Prevention Trial. Twelve 2-day food records collected from 162 men over a 6-month period, including every day of the week, served as the reference measure. This report focuses on three important questions for investigating diet and disease relations: 1) How many days are necessary to classify "usual" intake? 2) Is there loss as a result of using consecutive days? 3) Which days are necessary for assessment and classification of "usual" diet? A repeated-measures regression model was used to estimate the variance components and the effects of consecutive days, weekday (weekday vs. weekend), and season. Correlations between the averages of different numbers of days of food records and "true" usual intake were examined along with the resulting attenuations in relative risk. Results suggest that 7-14 days are required to adequately classify most individuals into categories of intake for most nutrients and some foods. There appears to be some loss of information from using consecutive days rather than days further apart. Weekday/weekend differences in mean intakes are slight, and the rank ordering of individuals appears to be preserved. A moderate seasonal effect is shown for classification of fruits, but only a slight one is seen for micronutrients and berries. Implications for the design of epidemiologic and validation studies are discussed.
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PMID:Variability in nutrient and food intakes among older middle-aged men. Implications for design of epidemiologic and validation studies using food recording. 223 15


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