Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: DrugBank:EXPT00568 (ascorbate)
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The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a nutrient adequacy score to be used by nutrition programs for women and children. The study population included 1,431 children, teenagers, and pregnant and lactating women. A dietary score was developed to be limited if certain targeted subgroups of major food groups were not included. Scores were related to Mean Adequacy Ratios (MARs), truncated indexes of the percent of the Recommended Dietary Allowances for protein, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C through the use of correlation/regression analysis. Separate analyses were run for each of nine different population segments. Regression coefficients were used to generate predicted MAR values that were, in turn, used to categorize individuals according to certain cut-off points. Individuals were also categorized by their actual MARs, according to the same cut-off points. These categorizations provided the basis for validating the score. The score correctly classified 69% to 98% of the persons in each population segment. The score was most sensitive for population segments that have a large proportion of persons below a particular cut-off. Just as important, the score was simple to implement, requiring just three steps from assessing the food frequency to determining risk.
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PMID:Validation of a nutrient adequacy score for use with women and children. 272 99

An investigation of changes in urine composition, morphology of bladder epithelium, and levels of DNA synthesis following 4 or 8 weeks oral administration of bladder tumor promoters or analogs without promotion potential was performed. The sodium salts of L-ascorbate, o-phenylphenate, and bicarbonate increased the pH value, sodium content, volume, and MgNH4PO4 crystalluria of the urine, while the parent compounds, L-ascorbic acid and o-phenylphenol, which in contrast are not tumor promoters, did not induce these changes. Sodium chloride ingestion caused natriuresis without increasing urinary pH. Diphenyl administration produced only microcalculi consisting of p-phenylphenol. Treatment with the antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, and ethoxyquin was also not associated with any changes in urinary pH or Na ions. However, tert-butylhydroquinone did cause an increase in pH. Administration of the strong bladder carcinogens N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine and N-ethyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine did not result in alteration of urine composition, with the exception of a decrease in phosphorus concentration. However, all the bladder promoters and carcinogens, without exception, brought about an elevation of DNA synthesis in the urothelium and produced morphologic surface alterations such as formation of pleomorphic or short, uniform microvilli and ropy or leafy microridges. Thus, an ability to induce proliferation and cell surface alteration was characteristic of the complete range of bladder promoters investigated. The results suggest that considerable variation in the mechanisms underlying these changes may be involved for different individuals or groups of agents.
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PMID:Changes in urine composition, bladder epithelial morphology, and DNA synthesis in male F344 rats in response to ingestion of bladder tumor promoters. 272 99

Isolated haemosiderin contained iron and nitrogen in a weight ratio of 6.75, with phosphorus and no detectable haem. Considerably more iron was released from haemosiderin under acidic conditions than under neutral conditions in the presence of ascorbate, nitrilotriacetate or dithionite. Unlike the situation with ascorbate, chelators such as citrate, ADP or succinate induced the release of only some iron, with almost no pH-dependence. Dehydroascorbate (the oxidized form of ascorbate with no reducing capacity) behaved like citrate, ADP, succinate or desferal, rather than like ascorbate itself, in releasing iron. GSH had less effect on the release of iron than these chelators, but in the presence of a small amount of chelator the release of iron increased, especially under acidic conditions. Thus reduction, chelation and pH were all found to be important factors involved in the release of iron from haemosiderin. Investigation by e.p.r. of hydroxyl-radical production by the released iron showed high radical productivity at an acidic pH. However, at a physiological pH, almost no radical formation was detected, except in the presence of nitrilotriacetate. These findings suggested that, under physiological conditions, haemosiderin was not an effective iron donor and was almost not involved in radical production. Under acidic conditions, however, such as in inflammation, hypoxia and in a lysosomal milieu, it could possibly be an iron donor and is thought to be implicated in radical production and tissue damage in iron-overloaded conditions.
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PMID:Iron release from haemosiderin and production of iron-catalysed hydroxyl radicals in vitro. 283 49

A patient with mitochondrial myopathy due to complex III deficiency who was treated with vitamin K3 (menadiol sodium diphosphate, 40 mg daily) and vitamin C showed clinical improvement. A 1-year study with phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) monitoring has shown that clinical and metabolic improvement was maintained by this therapy; increasing the dose of vitamin K3 to 80 mg daily improved the bioenergetic state of the patient's muscles at rest; postexercise recovery was less responsive to the increased dose; and a higher dose of vitamin K3 (80 mg/day) did not produce side effects. The differential therapeutic effects of vitamin K3 at rest and during exercise recovery are probably due to the differential kinetics of each metabolic state. Monitoring muscle bioenergetics with 31P-NMR is valuable in documenting therapeutic improvements in mitochondrial myopathies.
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PMID:Treatment of mitochondrial myopathy due to complex III deficiency with vitamins K3 and C: A 31P-NMR follow-up study. 301 98

Serum zinc (S-Zn) and copper (S-Cu) concentrations were measured and compared with data on dietary intakes of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, zinc, copper, phosphorus, calcium, iron, sucrose, vitamin C and dietary fibre, collected by means of the 48-h recall method in 1634 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, 15- and 18-year old girls and boys. The intake of fibre was inversely related to S-Cu but not to S-Zn. None of the dietary components measured seemed to have a distinct negative effect on S-Zn, indicating that such factors were present at levels too low to affect S-Zn, or associated with factors favouring Zn bioavailability. Factors decreasing the bioavailability of Zn or Cu may especially affect adolescent girls whose average intakes of both Zn and Cu were low.
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PMID:Serum zinc and copper in relation to diet in 3- to 18-year old Finnish girls and boys. 325 Aug 69

Factors that make fluorine absorption and excretion easy or difficult from organisms of people and animals have been analysed. Fluorine is easily absorbed in presence of alimentary fat from soluble dust, from water environment, especially from an acid one. Compounds of calcium, magnesium, aluminium, microelements and various high protein diet make fluorine absorption difficult. Compounds that easily absorb fluorine, namely compounds of calcium, magnesium, aluminium, boron, phosphorus and vitamin C as well as climatic conditions (increasing perspiration) make fluorine excretion from organisms easy. Fluorine excretion is made difficult in the period of intensified mineralization and lactation processes. The age of the person is also important.
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PMID:[Factors influencing fluorine absorption and excretion in people and animals]. 327 May 90

Meals provided by a home-delivered meal program with the same supplier were evaluated for 5 consecutive days in each of 6 years. In the evaluations, meals were compared with federal guidelines for meal pattern, serving size, and temperature of hot food, and the quality was evaluated. Meal pattern and serving size guidelines were not always met by the meals. Problems included no delivery of milk with the meals and variations in serving sizes for meat or alternate, fruit, vegetable, and dessert. Temperatures of hot foods were often much lower than the 140 degrees or 150 degrees F specified in food safety guidelines. Food quality varied. Protein, iron, phosphorus, vitamin A, and niacin were consistently greater than 33% of the RDA; energy, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin C were less than 33% of the RDA some years, and calcium was consistently less than 33% of the RDA. Estimated total daily nutrient intakes of 27 recipients followed the same pattern as the nutrient content of the meals. For many recipients, estimated nutrient intakes from food other than the home-delivered meal was less than 33% of the RDA. Food preferences were fairly well satisfied. Recall of nutrition-related vocabulary was poor. In this study, home-delivered meals were found to make important contributions to the nutrition needs of the recipients.
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PMID:Home-delivered meals: food quality, nutrient content, and characteristics of recipients. 333 19

Preceded by 6 months of ethnographic research, a survey of 107 Navajo women, primarily food assistance participants, was conducted to describe and evaluate the contemporary Navajo diet. On the basis of results of 1-day dietary recalls, mean nutrient intakes were found to be below the RDA for calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, and energy. Sixty-three percent of the women in the sample were overweight or obese. The overall percentages of energy from fat, carbohydrate, and protein were closer to those recommended in the Dietary Goals than those in the current U.S. diet. The fat in the diet appeared to be primarily saturated, however, and fiber intake was lower than the U.S. average. Traditional foods were infrequently consumed. Women with higher incomes tended to have better diets. Commodity foods supplied by USDA's Food Distribution Program provided 43% of caloric intake and 37% to 57% of the intakes of all other nutrients except fat and vitamin C for the 72% of the sample participating in that program. It is concluded that the Food Distribution Program provides an important nutritional contribution to the contemporary Navajo diet.
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PMID:Contemporary diet and body weight of Navajo women receiving food assistance: an ethnographic and nutritional investigation. 338 6

The major associations with the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in pregnancy were increased intake of protein, iron, calcium, and vitamin C (four of five targeted nutrients) and of energy, magnesium, phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12; reversal of low weight gain in early pregnancy; smaller fat stores in late pregnancy; reduced frequency of premature rupture of the uterine membranes; larger infant head circumference with no effect on birth weight and length; increased birth weight and head circumference with better program quality; and lower fetal mortality of appreciable but not significant magnitude. Incremental energy intake was comparable to that in most small-scale supplementation trials. There was no evidence of effects on frequency of prenatal care, use of alcohol or tobacco, the intention to breast-feed, or the rate of breast-feeding. Maternal alcohol intake was associated with depressed infant head circumference, over and above effects on birth weight and length.
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PMID:The National WIC Evaluation: evaluation of the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children. V. Longitudinal study of pregnant women. 340 Jun 28

The relationship between dietary adequacy and supplement use was examined in 3,227 nonpregnant women aged 15 to 41 years from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Twenty-five percent of the women used dietary supplements regularly; 67% of them consumed some form of multivitamin. Supplement users had a higher income and education, were more often white, had a leaner body composition, and were more likely to reside in the western United States than nonusers. Caloric intake of users and non-users was similar. However, independent of the supplements, the diets of supplement users contained significantly more dietary protein, phosphorus, iron, potassium, thiamin, and niacin than the diets of non-users. A considerable portion of both users and non-users had dietary intakes of less than 50% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances for calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C; however, a significantly greater proportion of supplement non-users had low intakes of iron and vitamin C. Supplement users generally consumed a more nutrient-dense diet and may be the individuals who least need supplements.
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PMID:Dietary supplement and food intake in women of childbearing age. 349 May 2


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