Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: DrugBank:EXPT00514 (Amiloride)
 1,513 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Mechanisms involved in the regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) in smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig ureter have been investigated using double-barrelled pH-sensitive microelectrodes in isolated strips of tissue. 2. Removal of CO2-HCO3- from the superfusing solution caused a fall in the steady-state pHi except in a few cells which had been excised from the animal for many hours (usually > 24 h). The pHi value was 7.22 +/- 0.09 (n = 89; mean +/- S.D. of an observation) in solution buffered with 5% CO2-21 mM HCO3-, compared with 6.92 +/- 0.24 (n = 67) in the nominal absence of CO2-HCO3-. Recovery from experimentally induced acidosis was faster in the presence, rather than nominal absence, of CO2-HCO3- (mean half-times of 2.7 +/- 0.7 min, n = 41, and 4.6 +/- 1.3 min, n = 12, respectively). These results suggest the presence of both HCO(3-)-dependent and -independent mechanisms for the effective extrusion of acid equivalents. 3. Recovery from acidosis was dependent on external Na+ (Na+o) in both the presence and nominal absence of CO2-HCO3-, with an apparent half-maximal activation at approximately 4 and 20 mM Na+o, respectively. Removal of Na+o in the steady state caused a fall in pHi which proceeded at a faster rate in the presence rather than in the nominal absence of CO2-HCO3-. 4. Amiloride (100 microM-1 mM) reversibly inhibited the recovery from acidosis and caused a fall in the steady-state pHi when applied in the nominal absence of CO2-HCO3-, but had no measurable effect on either the recovery from acidosis or steady-state pHi in the presence of CO2-HCO3-. These results suggest that Na(+)-H+ exchange was responsible for extrusion of acid equivalents in the nominal absence of CO2 and HCO3-, but that it played little part under more physiological conditions. 5. Although Na(+)-H+ exchange appeared to be activated below a pHi of about 7.2, it was incapable of maintaining a 'normal' pHi in the nominal absence of CO2-HCO3- in freshly excised cells, where values between 6.06 and 6.89 were recorded. Only in aged preparations, in which the intrinsic intracellular acid loading was substantially reduced (as judged from the rate of acidification on application of amiloride in the nominal absence of CO2-HCO3-) did the steady-state value approximate to that observed in the presence of CO2-HCO3-, at about 7.2.
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PMID:Regulation of intracellular pH in the smooth muscle of guinea-pig ureter: Na+ dependence. 779 29

Mechanisms of intracellular pH (pHi) regulation were characterized in the murine macrophage cell line J774.1, using 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein to measure pHi. Under nominally HCO3(-)-free conditions, resting pHi of nonadherent J774.1 cells was 7.53 +/- 0.02 (n = 86), and of adherent cells was 7.59 +/- 0.02 (n = 97). In the presence of HCO3-/CO2, pHi values were reduced to 7.41 +/- 0.02 (n = 12) and 7.40 +/- 0.01 (n = 28), respectively. Amiloride, an inhibitor of Na+/H+ exchange, did not affect resting pHi. Inhibitors of a vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase [bafilomycin A1, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazide (NBD), and p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (pCMBS)] reduced pHi by at least 0.2 pH units. Inhibitors of other classes of H(+)-ATPases (oligomycin, azide, vanadate, and ouabain) were without effect. Inhibition of H+ efflux, measured by the change in extracellular pH of a weakly buffered cell suspension, followed the same pharmacological profile, indicating that the reduction of pHi was due to inhibition of H+ extrusion. Mechanisms of recovery from an imposed intracellular acid load were also investigated. In NaCl-Hanks' solution, pHi recovered exponentially to normal within 2 min. The initial rate of recovery was inhibited > 90% by amiloride or by replacement of extracellular Na+ concentration by N-methyl-glucamine. Inhibitors of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase also inhibited recovery. NEM and NBD nonspecifically inhibited all recovery. Bafilomycin A1 and pCMBS did not inhibit the initial amiloride-sensitive portion of recovery, but they did inhibit a late component of recovery when pHi was above 7.0. We conclude that the Na+/H+ exchanger is primarily responsible for recovery from an acid load but does not regulate resting pHi. Conversely, a vacuolar H(+)-ATPase regulates the resting pHi of J774 cells but contributes little to recovery from acidification.
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PMID:Regulation of intracellular pH in J774 murine macrophage cells: H+ extrusion processes. 784 Jan 50

When PCO2 rises transiently, glia or neurons may move ions across their cell membranes to restore intracellular pH, in the process changing extracellular pH. Inhibiting ion transport would result in a different extracellular fluid pH (a putative stimulus for the medullary chemoreceptors) and, therefore, in an altered ventilation in response to PCO2. We infused two ion transport inhibitors, amiloride and bumetanide, into the cisterna magna of anesthetized rabbits and compared their ventilatory response to a rebreathing maneuver with sham rabbits receiving no inhibitor. Amiloride (10(-5)-10(-3) M) had no effect; 3 h of 10(-2) M amiloride increased the frequency of breathing and decreased tidal volume but had no net effect on minute ventilation. Bumetanide (10(-3) M) had no effect after 1 h of infusion, but by 3 h it had decreased tidal volume and minute ventilation at 6 and 7% end-tidal CO2 fraction, respectively, during the rebreathe. Three hours of infusion of amiloride and bumetanide did not affect ventilation in a manner consistent with our predictions from previous studies of ionic changes in cerebrospinal fluid. During the 1st h, when neuronal and glial ion transport in the ventrolateral medulla should be inhibited, we found no effect of ion transport inhibition. We conclude that, during the transient hypercapnia of a rebreathing maneuver, Na+/H+ exchange and Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransport do not play a significant role in immediate rapid pH homeostasis by cellular ion transport in the microenvironment of the medullary chemoreceptors.
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PMID:Cisternal Na+ transport inhibition and the ventilatory response to CO2. 789 93

1. Intracellular pH (pHi) and membrane potential (Em) of giant salivary gland cells of the leech, Haementeria ghilianii, were measured with double-barrelled, neutral-carrier, pH-sensitive microelectrodes. 2. Em was -51 +/- 11.2 mV and pHi was 6.98 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- S.D., N = 41) in Hepes-buffered saline (nominally HCO3(-)-free; extracellular pH, pHe = 7.4). pHi was independent of Em. 3. Amiloride (2 mmol l-1) had no effect on resting pHi or on pHi recovery from an acid load (induced by the NH4+ pre-pulse technique). Removal of external Na+ produced a progressive acidification which was blocked by amiloride, and the drug also slowed the recovery of pHi on reintroduction of Na+. The results indicate the presence of an electroneutral Na+/H+ exchanger whose access to amiloride is competitively blocked by Na+. 4. In certain smaller cells of the gland, which probably form a separate population, removal of external Na+ did not affect pHi, and recovery from an acid load was blocked by amiloride. There may, therefore, be two types of Na+/H+ exchanger, differing in reversibility and sensitivity to amiloride. 5. Recovery of pHi from NH4(+)-induced acid loading was not affected by bicarbonate-buffered saline (2% CO2; 11 mmol l-1 HCO3-) or by addition of the anion-exchange blocker SITS (10(-4) mol l-1). This suggests that there is no significant contribution of a HCO3(-)-dependent transport mechanism to pHi regulation in the gland cells. 6. Removal of external Cl- slowly reduced pHi and there was a transient increase (overshoot) in pHi when Cl- was reintroduced. These effects of Cl- are probably explained by changes in the Na+ gradient. Intracellular Na+ and Cl- activities were measured with ion-selective microelectrodes. 7. Acidification with NH4+ was difficult, probably because of the cells' poor permeability to this ion. Attempts to introduce NH4+ via the Na+ pump or Na+/Cl- transporter were not successful. The H+/K+ ionophore nigericin (1 microgram ml-1), however, produced a rapid and reversible acidification. 8. N-methylmaleimide (0.5-1 mmol l-1), which blocks proton-pumping ATPase, produced a prolonged acidification of almost 1 pH unit, well beyond the level expected for simple equilibration with pHe. The results are consistent with the presence of a vesicular proton pump, acidifying the secretory vesicles which pack the cell body. 9. NH4+ (50 mmol l-1) or trimethylamine (50 mmol l-1) increased pHi and stimulated salivary secretion, while propionate (50 mmol l-1) decreased pHi and stopped secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Intracellular pH of giant salivary gland cells of the leech Haementeria ghilianii: regulation and effects on secretion. 796 84

Effects on ion transport of extracellular Na+ and Cl- ([Na+]o and [Cl-]o, respectively), HCO3(-)-CO2, 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcAMP), epinephrine, and transport inhibitors were examined in short-circuited rabbit proximal colonic mucosa. Net Na+ flux was independent of Cl- but partially (60%) dependent on HCO3(-)-CO2. Net Cl- flux was partially (70%) dependent on Na+ and totally dependent on HCO3(-)-CO2. Both fluxes peaked between 25 and 60 mM and decreased at higher concentrations. Apical Na+ influx but not Cl- influx obeyed the same pattern. The inhibition resulted from increases in mucosal but not serosal [Na+]o and not from increases in [Cl-]o. Amiloride and benzamil (0.2-0.3 mM) partially inhibited net Na+ absorption, as did 8-BrcAMP, but these effects were independent of the inhibition seen at high [Na+]o. Net Cl- absorption was inhibited by 8-BrcAMP but not by 0.2 mM amiloride. At high [Na+]o and [Cl-]o, there were a residual ion flux suggesting HCO3- secretion and, in the presence of 8-BrcAMP and amiloride or benzamil, net secretions of Na+ and Cl-, the former larger than the latter. Epinephrine, via alpha 2-receptors, reversed the ion-transport effects of high [Na+]o but did not stimulate a mucosal-to-serosal unidirectional HCO3- flux (as shown in rabbit ileum). 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (0.5 mM) and bumetanide (10 microM) had no effect on ion transport. The results suggest 1) Na+ entry via two Na(+)-H+ exchangers, one inhibited by amiloride and cAMP and the other inhibited by high [Na+]o and stimulated by epinephrine; 2) Cl- entry via Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange; 3) HCO3- secretion at high [Na+]o and [Cl-]o; and 4) cAMP-induced secretion of Na+ and Cl- at high [Na+]o and [Cl-]o.
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PMID:Ion transport in rabbit proximal colon: effects of sodium, amiloride, cAMP, and epinephrine. 802 39

Bicarbonate transport was studied in vivo by separate microperfusion experiments of early and late distal tubules. Total CO2 was measured by microcalorimetry and fluid absorption by 3H-inulin. Significant bicarbonate absorption was observed in all experimental conditions. Bicarbonate transport was load-dependent upon increasing the luminal bicarbonate concentration from 15 to 50 mM in both early and late distal tubule segments and remained constant at higher concentrations at a maximum rate of 100-110 pmol/min per mm. At low lumen bicarbonate concentrations (15 mM), higher rates of bicarbonate absorption were observed in early (32.9 +/- 4.57 pmol/min per mm) as compared to late distal tubules (10.7 +/- 3.1 pmol/min per mm). Amiloride and ethyl-isopropylamiloride both inhibited early but not late distal tubule bicarbonate absorption whereas acetazolamide blocked bicarbonate transport in both tubule segments. Fluid absorption was significantly reduced in both tubule segments by amiloride but only in early distal tubules by ethyl-isopropylamiloride. Substitution of lumen chloride by gluconate increased bicarbonate absorption in late but not in early distal tubules. Bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of H-ATPase, inhibited late and also early distal tubule bicarbonate absorption, the latter at higher concentration. After 8 d on a low K diet, bicarbonate absorption increased significantly in both early and late distal tubules. Schering compound 28080, a potent H-K ATPase inhibitor, completely blocked this increment of bicarbonate absorption in late but not in early distal tubule. The data suggest bicarbonate absorption via Na(+)-H+ exchange and H-ATPase in early, but only by amiloride-insensitive H+ secretion (H-ATPase) in late distal tubules. The study also provides evidence for activation of K(+)-H+ exchange in late distal tubules of K depleted rats. Indirect evidence implies a component of chloride-dependent bicarbonate secretion in late distal tubules and suggests that net bicarbonate transport at this site results from bidirectional bicarbonate movement.
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PMID:Renal bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat. IV. Bicarbonate transport mechanisms in the early and late distal tubule. 839 Apr 89

1. Mechanical loading of cartilaginous tissue generates an increase in the concentration of cations in the extracellular matrix. This includes a decrease of the extracellular pH (pHo), which is known to affect the intracellular pH (pHi), thereby modifying the intracellular metabolism. Thus, the regulation of pHi is essential for the physiological function of cartilage. The fluorescent pH-sensitive dye 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF AM) was employed in order to assess the mechanisms responsible for control of the pHi in an embryonic avian chondrocyte cell suspension. 2. Steady-state pHi in the absence of physiological HCO3- was 7.15 +/- 0.01 pH units as compared to a pHi of 6.94 +/- 0.02 pH units in its presence (P < 0.01). The intrinsic buffering power of chondrocytes (beta i) was 38.9 mM/pH unit and the total buffering capacity (beta T) was 65.8 mM/pH unit. 3. Cells maintained in a Hepes-buffered solution were exposed to an intracellular acid load by the NH4+ prepulse technique (20 mM NH4Cl). The initial rate of pHi recovery was 0.106 pH units/min (n = 18). Amiloride (0.33 mM), an inhibitor of the Na(+)-H+ exchanger, or replacement of external sodium [Na+]o with choline induced a 60% inhibition of the recovery rate, indicating a predominant involvement of this antiporter in the response to intracellular acidification. 4. H(+)-ATPase inhibitors (oligomycin 20 micrograms/ml; N,N;-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 0.5 mM; N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), 0.25 mM) and iodomycin (2 mM), a metabolic cell suppressor, reduced acid extrusion by 25% as measured by the NH4Cl prepulse in Hepes-bathed cells. 5. Chondrocytes transferred from a Hepes-buffered solution to a 5% CO2-25 mM HCO3- medium (HCO3- solution) underwent a pHi decrease of approximately 0.20 pH units, followed by a regulatory alkalinizing response of 0.118 pH units/min. The Na(+)-H+ exchanger was responsible for only 15% of this alkalinization (amiloride, 0.33 mM), in contrast to its primary role in HCO(3-)-free solution. 6. The activity of a Na(+)-dependent Cl(-)-HCO3- exchanger in physiological HCO3- solution was estimated by addition of the inhibitors 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (SITS; 0.5 mM) or diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS; 100 microM) and by the suspensions of chondrocytes in a Na(+)-free solution. Acidification performed under these conditions resulted in a 45% inhibition of the recovery rate as compared to control rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The control of intracellular pH in cultured avian chondrocytes. 839 27

This study was undertaken to define the role of ion transporters on the apoptosis of thymocytes. Culture conditions, such as the ionic strength of NaCl, Ca2+, the buffer system (HCO3-/CO2), and the pH, could influence the spontaneous apoptosis of thymocytes. Depletion of NaCl in the culture medium either delayed or completely inhibited the apoptotic process of thymocytes, while its restoration led to a dose-dependent apoptosis. A high concentration (100 microM) of Ca2+ induced thymocyte apoptosis in the nominal absence of NaCl, whereas a low concentration (10 microM) enhanced apoptosis in the presence of 138 mM NaCl. Thymocytes had a higher spontaneous apoptotic rate in cultures without HCO3-/CO2 than in those with HCO3-/CO2. The thymocyte apoptosis completely ceased in medium at pH 6.0 and was considerably enhanced at pH 7.6. Intracellular pH, determined with the pH-sensitive bis-carboxyethyl carboxyfluorescein probe, was higher in apoptotic thymocytes than in nonapoptotic cells. Spontaneous apoptosis occurred in cells with alkaline intracellular condition, whereas it was considerably retarded in cells under acidified conditions. Amiloride analogue, including 5-(N,N-dimethyl)-amiloride (Na+/H+ antiporter), 4,4'-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (Cl-/HCO3- exchanger), and 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (Na+/HCO3-/CO3(2-) cotransporter), inhibited the spontaneous thymocyte apoptosis. In contrast, neither cycloheximide nor actinomycin D had the same effect. In addition, thymocyte apoptosis was enhanced by PMA, but inhibited by forskolin. Taken together, thymocytes cultured in vitro underwent apoptosis with increased intracellular pH via activation of Na+/H+ antiporter, Na+/HCO3-/CO3(2-) cotransporter, or Cl-/HCO3- exchanger. This process does not require de novo protein synthesis.
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PMID:Activation of the Na(+)/H(+) antiporter, Na+/HCO3(-)/CO3(2-) cotransporter, or Cl(-)/HCO3(-) exchanger in spontaneous thymocyte apoptosis. 875 15

Manipulations of pH and electrical gradients in a perfused preparation were used to analyze the factors controlling ammonia distribution and flux in trout white muscle after exercise. Trout were exercised to exhaustion, and then an isolated-perfused white muscle preparation with discrete arterial inflow and venous outflow was made from the posterior portion of the tail. The tail-trunks were perfused with low (7.4)-, medium (7.9)-, and high (8.4)-pH saline, achieved by varying HCO3- concentration ([HCO3-]) at constant Pco2. Intracellular and extracellular pH, ammonia, CO2, K+, Na+, and Cl- were measured. Muscle intracellular pH was not affected by changes in extracellular pH. Increasing extracellular pH caused a decrease in the transmembrane NH3 partial pressure (PNH3) gradient and a decrease in ammonia efflux. When extracellular K+ concentration was increased from 3.5 to 15 mM in the medium-pH group, a depolarization of the muscle cell membrane potential from -92 to -60 mV and a 0.1-unit depression in intracellular pH occurred. Ammonia efflux increased despite a marked reduction in the PNH3 gradient. Amiloride (10(-4) M) had no effect, indicating that Na+/H(+)-NH4+ exchange does not participate in ammonia transport in this system. A comparison of observed intracellular-to-extracellular ammonia distribution ratios with those modeled according to either pH or Nernst potential distributions supports a model in which ammonia distribution across white muscle cell membranes is affected by both pH and electrical gradients, indicating that the membranes are permeable to both NH3 and NH4+. Membrane potential, acting to retain high levels of NH4+ in the intracellular compartment, appears to have the dominant influence during the postexercise period. However, at rest, the pH gradient may be more important, resulting in much lower intracellular ammonia levels and distribution ratios. We speculate that the muscle cell membrane NH3-to-NH4+ permeability ratio in trout may change between the rest and postexercise condition.
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PMID:Ammonia movement and distribution after exercise across white muscle cell membranes in rainbow trout. 885 99

We have characterized the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) isoforms expressed in rat renal cortical tubule fragments. Amiloride sensitivity of the Na(+)-dependent intracellular pH (pHi) recovery in suspended tubules that had been acid loaded by an NH4+ prepulse was determined in nominally CO2/HCO3(-)-free solution, using the fluorescent pH-sensitive dye 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein. In the presence of 140 mM extracellular Na+, 800 microM amiloride inhibited the rate of Na(+)-dependent pHi recovery by only 65%, demonstrating the presence of a Na(+)-dependent amiloride-insensitive H+ extrusion system. This system was not affected by 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid but was activated by 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. Lowering extracellular Na+ concentration permitted 300 microM amiloride to completely inhibit Na(+)-dependent pHi recovery. These results can be explained by the expression of a Na+/H+ exchange with the pharmacological properties of NHE4. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, we found specific mRNA for NHE1, NHE2, NHE3, and NHE4 isoforms in the renal cortex. Immunohistochemical studies using polyclonal antibodies against rat NHE4 peptide demonstrated that NHE4 is heterogeneously expressed on basolateral membrane domains of cortical tubules. These results strongly suggest that amiloride-insensitive Na+/H+ exchange expressed in renal cortical tubule suspensions is mediated by NHE4.
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PMID:Evidence for an amiloride-insensitive Na+/H+ exchanger in rat renal cortical tubules. 931 28


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