Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: DrugBank:APRD01092 (DMAP)
 1,129 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two progestin-based protocols for the synchronization of estrus in beef cows were compared. Cyclic, nonlactating, crossbred, beef cows were assigned by age and body condition score to one of two treatments. Cows assigned to the MGA Select protocol were fed melengestrol acetate (MGA; 0.5 mg x cow(-1) x (-1)) for 14 d, GnRH was administered (100 microg i.m. of Cystorelin) 12 d after MGA withdrawal, and PGF2alpha (25 mg of i.m. Lutalyse) was administered 7 d after GnRH. Cows assigned to the 7-11 Synch protocol were fed MGA for 7 d and were injected with PG on d 7 of MGA, GnRH on d 11, and PG on d 18. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed daily to monitor follicular dynamics from the beginning of MGA feeding through ovulation after the synchronized estrus. All cows exhibited estrus in response to PG. Mean interval to estrus was shorter (P < 0.01) for 7-11 Synch-treated cows (56 +/- 1.5 h) than for cows assigned to the MGA Select protocol (73 +/- 4.7 h). Mean interval from estrus to ovulation did not differ between treatments (P > 0.10). Variances for interval to estrus differed (P < 0.01) between treatments. Mean follicular diameter at GnRH injection, PG injection, and estrus did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatments. Relative to MGA Select, serum estradiol-17beta concentrations were higher (P < 0.01) for 7-11 Synch 2 d and 1 d before, on the day of GnRH injection, in addition to 4 d after GnRH, and 24 h after PG. Mean progesterone concentrations were greater (P < 0.01) for MGA Select cows from 4 d before to 7 d after GnRH. Forty-four percent of the variation in interval to estrus between treatments was explained by differences in estradiol-17beta concentrations 24 h after PG. This study suggests that follicular competence is likely related to steroidogenic capacity of the follicle and the endocrine environment under which growth and subsequent ovulation of the dominant follicle occurs.
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PMID:Follicular dynamics and steroid profiles in cows during and after treatment with progestin-based protocols for synchronization of estrus. 1508 Mar 23

Glycyrrhizin (GL) is known to have various immunomodulating activities and has long been used clinically as an anti-allergic and anti-hepatitis agent. While the potency of GL against lung inflammatory diseases has been expected, the effect of GL on the lung has been poorly understood. Lung fibroblasts are known as a potent producer of inflammatory chemokines, IL-8 and eotaxin 1, by which neutrophils and eosinophils are strongly attracted during inflammation. Therefore, we studied the effects of GL on the production of these chemokines using a human fetal lung fibroblast cell line, HFL-1, stimulated with TNF-alpha and IL-4. Moreover, we examined the structure-activity relationships of GL to explore more beneficial compounds. 18alpha,beta-GL inhibited IL-8 dose-dependently and inhibited eotaxin 1 slightly. 18alpha,beta-Glycyrrhetic acid (GA) did not inhibit IL-8 but inhibited eotaxin 1. The effect of 18alpha,beta-glycyrrhetic acid monoglucuronide (MGA) resembled that of 18alpha,beta-GL but was weaker. Both 3beta-[(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-18beta-11-deoxo-olean-12-en-30-oic acid (11-deoxo-GL) and 3beta-[(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-olean-11,13,(18)-dien-30-oic acid (hetero-GL) exhibited inhibitory activity with significant cytotoxicity. 3beta-[(2-O-beta-D-Glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-18beta-olean-9,12-dien-30-oic acid (homo-GL) did not have cytotoxicity but its activity was mild like that of 18alpha,beta-GL. 3beta-[(2-O-beta-d-Glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-olean-11,13(18)-dien-30-ol (hetero-30-OH-GL) and 3beta-[(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-18beta-olean-9,12-dien-30-ol (homo-30-OH-GL) showed potent inhibitory effects, at concentrations lower than 18alpha,beta-GL with no significant cytotoxicity. These results suggest that GL-related compounds are effective in reducing chemokine production and that GL-modified compounds including hetero-30-OH-GL and homo-30-OH-GL appear most beneficial in view of their inhibitory capacity with less cytotoxicity.
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PMID:Glycyrrhizin and related compounds down-regulate production of inflammatory chemokines IL-8 and eotaxin 1 in a human lung fibroblast cell line. 1545 16

The effect of dietary energy and weight class on the fertility of yearling beef heifers (Angus, Hereford, and Angus x Hereford) was investigated over 2 years. In year 1, heifers (n=58) were classed as heavy (HW; > or =340 kg) or light weight (LW; <340kg) and then assigned to receive either a low (LE; 0.23 kg/day) or high energy (HE; 0.68 kg/day) diet. In year 2, heifers (n=60) were also classified as heavy (> or =335kg) or light weight (<335 kg), but the energy content of the diet was raised so that heifers on the LE and HE were targeted to gain 0.46 and 0.79 kg/day, respectively. Heifers in the four groups, LELW (n=14 and 12), LEHW (n=16 and 17), HELW (n=13 and 15), and HEHW (n=15 and 16) received restricted amounts of concentrate (HE > LE) and free choice hay over 47 or 42 days (year 1 and year 2, respectively). To synchronize estrus, heifers were fed capsules containing MGA (0.5 mg/animal each day) beginning 11 days before the end of the feeding trial (day 0), PGF(2alpha) (25mg i.m.) and estradiol benzoate (Ebeta; 400 microg i.m.) was given on days 8 and 10, respectively. Estrous behavior was observed (days 10 and 11) and all heifers were inseminated on day 11. Following AI, heifers were re-grouped and a bull was introduced (days 27-39) for the second service in both years. Pregnancy diagnosis for the first (days 41-42) and second services (days 69-97) was performed by transrectal ultrasonography. Transrectal ultrasonic observations of ovarian follicle number and size were completed for a subset of heifers (n=5-8) from each experimental group at the end of the feeding trial. The effect of year was not significant for any of the reproductive performance variables measured. The mean ADG was (0.72 +/- 0.04 kg/day) and was greater in LW than HW heifers and in heifers in the HE than LE treatment groups (P <0.05). In heifers receiving the LE diet, ADG was lower in HW than LW heifers (weight x diet; P=0.02; 0.54 +/- 0.04 and 0.62 +/- 0.03 kg/day for HW and LW heifers, respectively). The diameter of the largest follicle was greater in heifers receiving the HE diet (P < 0.05; 11.3 +/- 0.4 mm) than those on the LE diet (10.3 +/- 0.3), and in LW (P <0.05) compared to HW heifers. The HE diet increased the size of the largest follicle in LW but not HW heifers (diet x weight, P <0.05). The percentage of pubertal heifers at the end of the feeding period (59.3%), estrous response (56.4%), conception rate (47.7%), ovulation rate (88.9%), and first service pregnancy rate (36.2%) were not significantly affected by initial weight or diet. There was a tendency for first service pregnancy rates to be greater in LW than HW heifers consuming the LE diet (diet x weight, P <0.1; 54.2 +/- 15 and 30.3 +/- 10% for LELW and LEHW heifers, respectively). Pregnancy rate after two services was greater (P=0.01) in LW (82 +/- 10%) than in HW (64.5 +/- 10%). The LE diet achieved moderate rates of gain and allowed high level of reproductive performance in LW but not HW heifers.
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PMID:Fertility response of yearling beef heifers after prebreeding energy manipulation, estrous synchronization and timed artificial insemination. 1558 5

The experimental objective was to compare pregnancy rates after fixed-time AI in postpartum suckled beef cows following administration of two progestin-based protocols to synchronize ovulation. Cows (n = 424) at three locations (n = 208, 122, and 92 per location) were stratified by age, BCS, and days postpartum (DPP) and assigned randomly to one of the two treatment protocols. The MGA Select-treated cows (MGA Select; n = 213) were fed melengestrol acetate (MGA, 0.5 mg x cow(-1) x d(-1)) for 14 d and carrier for 8 d, and then GnRH (100 microg i.m. Cystorelin; d 26) was injected 12 d after MGA withdrawal, and PG (25 mg i.m. Lutalyse) was administered 7 d after GnRH. Cows assigned to the 7-11 Synch protocol (7-11 Synch; n = 209) were fed carrier for 15 d and MGA for 7 d, and then injected with PG on d 22 (d 7 of MGA), GnRH on d 26, and PG again on d 33. Artificial insemination was performed at fixed times for cows in both treatments at 60 or 72 h after d 33 PG for 7-11 Synch and MGA Select groups, respectively. All cows were injected with GnRH (100 microg of i.m. Cystorelin) at AI. There was no treatment x location interaction for age (P = 0.90), BCS (P = 0.64), or DPP (P = 0.93), and the results were therefore pooled for the respective treatments (age [7-11 Synch, 5.5 +/- 0.2; MGA Select, 5.5 +/- 0.2], BCS [7-11 Synch, 5.7 +/- 0.1; MGA Select, 5.6 +/- 0.1], and DPP [7-11 Synch, 41.1 +/- 1.1; MGA Select, 42.1 +/- 1.1]). Blood samples were collected 8 and 1 d before MGA or carrier to determine pretreatment estrous cyclicity (progesterone >or=1 ng/mL; 7-11 Synch, 59/209 [28%]; MGA Select, 54/213 [25%]; P = 0.50) and again on d 33 PG to evaluate treatment response as a percentage of cows with progesterone concentrations in serum >or=1ng/mL (7-11 Synch, 184/209 [88%]; MGA Select, 177/213 [83%]; P = 0.15). Pregnancy rates resulting from fixed-time AI did not differ (P = 0.25) between treatments (7-11 Synch, 128/209 [61%]; MGA Select, 142/213 [67%]), nor did pregnancy rates (P = 0.77) at the end of the breeding season (7-11 Synch, 198/208 [95%]; MGA Select, 204/213 [96%]). These data indicate that pregnancy rates were comparable after fixed-time AI, following administration of the 7-11 Synch and MGA Select protocols. Both protocols provide opportunities for beef producers to use AI and eliminate the need to detect estrus.
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PMID:A comparison of progestin-based protocols to synchronize ovulation and facilitate fixed-time artificial insemination in postpartum beef cows. 1558 53

In the past year, we at DDBJ (DNA Data Bank of Japan; http://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp) collected and released 1,066,084 entries or 718,072,425 bases including the whole chromosome 22 of chimpanzee, the whole-genome shotgun sequences of silkworm and various others. On the other hand, we hosted workshops for human full-length cDNA annotation and participated in jamborees of mouse full-length cDNA annotation. The annotated data are made public at DDBJ. We are also in collaboration with a RIKEN team to accept and release the CAGE (Cap Analysis Gene Expression) data under a new category, MGA (Mass Sequences for Genome Annotation). The data will be useful for studying gene expression control in many aspects.
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PMID:DDBJ in collaboration with mass-sequencing teams on annotation. 1560 89

Techniques that allow the elements present in the air to be determined in a simple and rapid manner are very attractive. Direct aerosol sampling techniques avoid the need to pretreat the filter via wet digestion in order to remove any sources of contamination, and they decrease the precipitation time significantly. Analyzers based on this technique can also determine the concentrations of elements in the air automatically in situ. This paper is concerned with the development of a novel analytical system that is based on electrostatically precipitating aerosols from the air into a graphite furnace. The equipment includes a Zeeman spectrometer with high frequency modulation polarization (MGA-915), and an electrostatic precipitation system incorporated into the analyzer. The high sensitivity of the system developed here means that it can be used to determine element concentrations in the air exhaled by humans, as well as those in ambient air.
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PMID:Direct and rapid analysis of ambient air and exhaled air via electrostatic precipitation of aerosols in an atomizer furnace and Zeeman spectrometry. 1569 76

The objective was to determine the efficacy of a previously used CIDR or melengestrol acetate (MGA; 0.5mg/head/day) for resynchronization of estrus in beef heifers not pregnant to timed-AI (TAI). In three experiments and a field trial, heifers were reinseminated 6-12 h after first detection of estrus. Pregnancy diagnosis was done from approximately 25-43 days after either TAI or reinsemination. In Experiment 1, 79 heifers received a once-used CIDR from 13 to 20 days after TAI and 80 heifers were untreated controls. For these two groups, there were 34 and 35 heifers, respectively, not pregnant to TAI; median +/- S.E. intervals from TAI to onset of estrus were 22 +/- 0.2 days versus 20 +/- 0.6 days (P < 0.001); estrus rates were 70.6% versus 85.7% (P = 0.1); conception rates were 62.5% versus 76.7% (P < 0.3); and pregnancy rates were 44.1% versus 65.7% (P = 0.07), for CIDR and untreated (control) groups, respectively. In Experiment 2, heifers (n = 651) were TAI (Day 0) and 13 days later randomly assigned to one of seven groups (n = 93 per group) to receive a once-used CIDR (three groups; Days 13-20), MGA (three groups; Days 13-19), or no treatment (control group). Groups given a CIDR or MGA also received: no further treatment (CIDR or MGA alone); 1.5mg estradiol-17beta (E-17beta) and 50 mg progesterone (P4) in 2 mL canola oil on Day 13; or E-17beta and P4 on Day 13 and 0.5 mg E-17beta on Day 21 (24 h after CIDR removal or 48 h after the last feeding of MGA). Pregnancy rate to TAI was lowest (P < 0.05) for the group given a CIDR plus E-17beta and P4 on Day 13 and E-17beta on Day 21. Variability in return to estrus was greater (P < 0.001) in the control and MGA groups than in CIDR groups. Conception and pregnancy rates in heifers given a CIDR (65.1 and 61.4%) were higher (P<0.01) than those fed MGA (49.6 and 40.4%), but not different from controls (62.2 and 54.9%, respectively). In Experiment 3, 616 heifers received a once- or twice-used CIDR for 7 days, beginning 13+/-1 days after TAI, with or without a concurrent injection of 150 mg of P4 (2 x 2 factorial design). Pregnancy rate to TAI was 47.2%. In heifers that returned to estrus, there was no significant difference between a once- or twice-used CIDR for rates of estrus (68.8%, P < 0.3), conception (65.9%, P < 0.6) and pregnancy (45.3%, P < 0.8). Injecting progesterone at CIDR insertion increased the median interval from CIDR removal to onset of estrus (P < 0.05) and reduced rates of estrus (63.8% versus 73.8%, P<0.05), conception (60.5% versus 70.6%, P = 0.1) and pregnancy (38.6% versus 52.2%, P < 0.02). In a field trial, 983 heifers received a once-used CIDR for 7 days, beginning 13 +/- 1 days after TAI. Pregnancy rate to TAI was 55.2%. The median (and mode) of the interval from CIDR removal to estrus was 2.5 days. Estrus, conception and pregnancy rates were 78.2, 70.3 and 55.0% (overall pregnancy rate to TAI and rebreeding, 78.7%). In summary, a once- or twice-used CIDR for 7 days, starting 13 +/- 1 days after TAI resulted in the majority of nonpregnant heifers detected in estrus over a 4-day interval, with acceptable conception rates; however, injecting progesterone at CIDR insertion significantly reduced both estrus and pregnancy rates, and estradiol treatment after CIDR removal was associated with a decreased pregnancy rate to TAI. Fertility was higher in heifers resynchronized with a once-used CIDR than with MGA.
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PMID:Resynchronization of previously timed-inseminated beef heifers with progestins. 1603 2

Malachite Green Agar 2.5 ppm (MGA 2.5) is a potent selective medium for isolation and enumeration of Fusarium spp. It has been tested with pure and mixed cultures as well as in naturally contaminated samples. The recoveries of Fusarium species in MGA 2.5 were the same as the recoveries obtained in Nash and Snyder medium. However, this medium is a more selective culture medium for Fusarium spp. than Nash and Snyder medium, because it does not allow the development of colonies belonging to other fungal genera. MGA 2.5 is simple to prepare and less hazardous than other Fusarium selective media containing pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB).
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PMID:Malachite green agar, a new selective medium for Fusarium spp. 1628 58

Induced molting increases egg quality and egg production and extends the productive life of hens. Molting is accomplished by feed withdrawal, which has received criticism, and alternatives described thus far result in poor postmolt performance. Melengestrol acetate at a dosage of 4 or 8 mg/d, in a balanced diet, leads to reversible regression of the reproductive tract. However, this alternative must also increase egg quality after rest to be considered an adequate method by the industry. Hy-Line W-36 (n = 497) laying hens were assigned randomly to a diet containing 0 mg of melengestrol acetate (MGA; control) throughout the experiment or 4 or 8 mg of MGA/d for 2, 4, or 6 wk. Upon reaching 50 and 70% lay, after MGA removal, eggs were collected for measurements of egg quality, including Haugh units (i.e., internal egg quality), shell thickness, and breaking strength (i.e., external egg quality). Haugh units were greater (P < 0.05) for eggs laid by hens molted with a diet containing 8 mg of MGA for all durations compared with controls. Shell thickness was greater (P < 0.05) when hens were treated with 4 mg of MGA for 6 wk and 8 mg of MGA for 4 and 6 wk compared with control. Egg breaking strength was greater (P < 0.05) than controls for all hens fed MGA, regardless of dosage or duration of feeding. A subset of hens was fed 8 mg of MGA per hen/d for 2 wk, and eggs were collected for 3 wk. Seven days after MGA was removed from the diet, the amount of MGA in the yolk was below the level of detection of the assay, and the concentration found in the eggs at all time points was 3 orders of magnitude below the Food and Drug Administration's tolerance for MGA in edible tissue. When used as an alterative method to induce a rest, MGA leads to an increase in the internal and external egg quality of hens compared with nonmolted hens.
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PMID:Melengestrol acetate as an effective alternative to induce a decline in egg production and reversible regression of the reproductive tract in laying hens. II. Effects on postmolt egg quality. 1646 73

Dark anaerobic fermentation in the green algae Chlamydomonas MGA 161, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and Chlorococcum minutum was studied. Our isolate, Chlamydomonas MGA 161, was unusual in having high H(2) but almost no formate. The fermentation pattern in Chlamydomonas MGA 161 was altered by changes in the NaCl or NH(4)Cl concentration. Glycerol formation increased at low (0.1%) and high (7%) NaCl concentrations; starch degradation, and formation of ethanol, H(2), and CO(2) increased with the addition of NH(4)Cl to above 5 millimolar in N-deficient cells. C. reinhardtii and C. pyrenoidosa exhibited a very similar anaerobic metabolism, forming formate, acetate and ethanol in a ratio of about 2:2:1. C. minutum was also unusual in forming acetate, glycerol, and CO(2) as its main products, with H(2), formate, and ethanol being formed in negligible amounts. In the presence of CO, ethanol formation increased twofold in Chlamydomonas MGA 161 and C. reinhardtii, but the fermentation pattern in C. minutum did not change. An experiment with hypophosphite addition showed that dark H(2) evolution of the Escherichia coli type could be ruled out in Chlamydomonas MGA 161 and C. reinhardtii. Among the green algae investigated, three fermentation types were identified by the distribution pattern of the end products, which reflected the consumption mode of reducing equivalents in the cells.
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PMID:Hydrogen evolution as a consumption mode of reducing equivalents in green algal fermentation. 1666 17


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