Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: DrugBank:APRD00691 (EE2)
 7,802 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An enzymatic rate assay is described for measuring cholesterol in serum. Cholesterol is analyzed by mixing 5 mul of sample with a reagent consisting of cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, catalase, acetylacetone, methanol, and hydroxypolyethoxydodecane in a ammonium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0. The rate of increase in absorbance of the dihydrolutidine product is measured at 37 degrees C and 405 nm. The change in absorbance between 4 and 10 min is used to calculate the cholesterol concentrations by using simultaneously determined free cholesterol standards. The change is linearly related to cholesterol concentration up to 4 g/liter. Samples containing bilirubin up to 200 mg/liter, uric acid up to 200 mg/liter, and hemoglobin up to 1 g/liter, or certain drugs (clofibrate, phenobarbital, nicotinic acid, salicylate, Ketochol, and Ovral) gave no interference. Ascorbic acid added to serum caused a positive interference. Lipemic samples gave values that were slightly lower than did the method of Abell et al., used for comparison. Our kinetic assay, compared with the method of Abell et al., the enzymatic assay used with Abbott's Bichromatic Analyzer, and the Technicon SMA 12/60 enzymatic procedure gave correlation coefficients of 0.992, 0.985, and 0.986, respectively.
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PMID:Enzymatic rate method for measuring cholesterol in serum. 1 1

Shortly after completing an OC cycle the relative hormonal deficit caused by discontinuing the hormones results in withdrawal bleeding. Similarly, if one or more oral contraceptive tablets are missed during a cycle, the resulting deficiency may cause breakthrough bleeding. A lower incidence of breakthrough bleeding on the day after one oral contraceptive tablet is missed and later onset of withdrawal bleeding indicate that a particular OC provides better endometrial control. These two measurements are used as indices to compare the endometrial control provided by Ovral, Norinyl 1/50, and Nortestrin 1 in a study of 480 women at the Planned Parenthood Clinic in Seattle during 1974 and 1975. An analysis of the data shows that the normal chance of breakthrough bleeding on a particular day when one oral contraceptive tablet is not missed on the previous day is 0.017, 0.022, and 0.022 for Ovral, Norinyl, Norlestrin users, but the chance on the day after a contraceptive tablet is missed increased by 13 to 16 times for each of the three OCs. Ovral provides more sustained endometrial control than Norinyl and Norlestrin, however, as indicated by its lower probability of breakthrough bleeding on the day a contraceptive tablet is missed and by its later onset of withdrawal bleeding.
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PMID:Endometrial control: a comparative study of three oral contraceptives. 1 1

Side effects associated with three oral contraceptives were evaluated in a study in which women were switched to Norlestrin 1 from either Ovral (64 subjects) or Norinyl 1/50 (26 subjects). In the cycle prior to crossover, breast discomfort was more frequent among Norinyl users than among Ovral users. The prevalence of all other reported side effects was not significantly different for Norinyl and Ovral. The crossover to Norlestrin did not significantly change the numbers of patients reporting side effects. By the end of third Norlestrin cycle, rates of all side effects were similar for women who were switched from either Ovral or Norinyl.
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PMID:An assessment of the side effects of switching from one oral contraceptive to another. 1 4

Immediate metabolic effects of Stediril and Eugynon, hormonal contraceptives containing 0.5 mg DL-norgestrel and 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol, were studied in 39 women aged 18-43 years and 10 men aged 21-36 years. All subjects were volunteers who had taken no hormone preparations during the 3 months immediately preceding the study. Blood samples were taken at 9 and 11 AM and at 1 and 4 PM on 2 successive days; the contraceptive was administered immediately after the first sample was taken on the second day. From the measured values for arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures, blood pH, and hemoglobin, values for oxygen saturation, standard bicarbonates, buffer abases, and base excess were calculated using the Thews nomogram. The primary effect of hormone administration was shown to be metabolic acidosis, which is partly compensated during the next 7 hours by the respiratory system. No signs of primary respiratory alkalosis were noted.
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PMID:[Acid-base balance immediately after administration of an oral contraceptive (author's transl)]. 2 17

33 women, aged 20-41 years, used the contraceptive preparation Stediril, produced by the firm Wyeth, over the course of 6 menstrual cycles. 20 healthy women of the same age groups were used as a control. The total serum proteins and serum protein fractions were determined in both groups. It was determined in the group using the preparation, that after 6 weeks of use the serum protein pattern was altered. This alteration was through a decrease in the content of the globulin beta and gamma fractions. Results from the statistical analysis of the mean arithmetic values of the serum albumins is presented.
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PMID:[Protein metabolism in women receiving Stediril-Wyeth preparation as a contraceptive]. 4 18

The serum concentrations of pregnancy zone protein (PZ) were measured by means of a single radial immunodiffusion test in 322 blood samples from 103 women, drawn prior to and during treatment with oral contraceptives (OCs), in order to study the level of PZ in relation to the composition of the OC drugs. 80 women never having been pregnant or treated with OCs were divided into 2 groups: 22 treated with a combination of 1 mg norethisterone and .1 mg mestranol (norinyl + 100) and 58 treated with .5 mg nogestrel and .05 mg ethinyl estridiol (Ovral). A 3rd group of 23 women were examined during treatment with low-dose progestin contraceptives, .3 mg norethisterone. 54 of the 80 women taking combined OCs showed elevated PZ (less than 10 mg/100 ml). In the remaining 26 and progestin-treated patients, PZ levels remained the same. 91% of women taking Norinyl + 100 had an elevated response while 59% of women taking Ovral showed a similar response. Women taking Norinyl + 100 had higher mean values for the concentration of PZ as well. The significance of difference after 1, 3, and 6 months was p less than .05 for each month. In both groups the increase in PZ values was most pronounced during the 1st month of treatment. The concentration of PZ in patients taking OCs is approximately half the value of the last trimester of pregnancy. There is also individual variation in the ability to produce PZ.
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PMID:A quantitative study of the pregnancy zone protein in sera of woman taking oral contraceptives. 5 75

The splenomegaly assay (Simonsen, 1962) was standardized using different strains of rats and mice. Male Wistar rat (donor)-female Swiss mouse (host) was found to be the suitable combination that could be employed in subsequent experiments to study the potential of contraceptive steroids to alter CMIR. The index of splenomegaly appeared to increase in case of mice treated with combination oral contraceptives (Ovulen, Ovral or Enovid). The differences observed, however, neared significance only in the case of Ovral (0-05 less than P less than 0-1). Neither chlormadinone acetate nor megestrol acetate significantly altered the index of splenomegaly.
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PMID:Cell-mediated immune response in mice treated with steroidal contraceptives. 5 27

A study comparing 2 triphasic hormonal contraceptive preparations (combinations of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel) is reported. SH B 264 AB was used by 594 women for 6628 cycles with no pregnancies, while 634 women used SH B 261 AB for 6025 cycles with 1 pregnancy. A lower incidence of breakthrough bleeding and spotting was observed among SH B 264 AB users, and this preparation ("Triquilon") is preferred to the other. Triquilon users had a menstrual cycle length of 26-30 days and an amenorrhea rate of .4%. There was a low rate of breakthrough bleedings and spottings, which was higher when patients forgot to take their pills. In the vast majority of Triquilar users, body weight and blood pressure remained constant. Subjective side effects (e.g. nausea, dizziness, headache) were infrequent and decreased as the length of Triquilar use increased. A separate study of 1440 cycles of Triquilar use and 1343 cycles of Microgynon use showed that, while the contraceptive effectiveness was the same, the incidence of breakthrough bleeding and spotting was significantly less frequent among Triquilar users.
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PMID:[The first three-stage preparation for hormonal contraception. Clinical results (author's transl)]. 11 12

An attempt to confirm the effect of oral contraceptives (OCs) on the plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and to explore the biochemical site of their action is presented. 89 women taking estrogen-containing OCs for 6 months or longer and 47 controls were studied. Both groups were of similar age, and with regular menstrual cycles. OCs used were Ovral (ethinyl estradiol, 50 mcg, norgestrel, .05 mg), Demulen 50 (ethinyl estradiol, 50 mcg; ethynodiol diacetate, 1 mg), and Ortho-Novum 1/50 (mestranol, 50 mcg; norethindrone, 1 mg). A single sample of plasma was made from the heparinized blood taken between 7-8 a.m. between Days 15-21 of a contraceptive treatment cycle in the experimental group and between Days 15-21 of a menstrual cycle in the control group. The results of the plasma DHEAS, DHEA, and androstenedione assays showed that all 3 OC preparations caused reductions in the androgenic steroids when compared with the controls. Results of statistical comparisons between the different OCs did not indicate if ethinyl estradiol or mestranol exerted a greater effect. Concentrations of delta-5-P and 17-delta-5-P were found to be lower in the experimental cases than in the controls. It is concluded that OCs cause a decrease in plasma DHEA, DHEAS, and androstenedione, with 1 possible mechanism being the inhibition of delta-5-P synthesis from cholesterol.
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PMID:Effect of oral contraceptives on plasma androgenic steroids and their precursors. 14 99

Prevalence rates of various side effects were studied comparatively among 3 oral contraceptive preparations containing 50 mcg of the estrogen component. Norinyl 1/50, Ovral, and Norlestrin 1 were each randomly assigned to groups of 160 healthy women who had consented to participate in the study designed to quantitate probabilities of experiencing specific side effects and of their continuing into the subsequent cycles. Acne, breast discomfort, nausea, abdominal bloating, headache, fatigue, depression, irritability, vaginal discharge, and breakthrough bleeding were the specific side effects studied; only breakthrough bleedings showed a statistical difference in prevalence. The rate of breakthrough bleeding associated with Ovral use in the 1st 3 cycles (16.6%) was significantly (P .05) lower than that associated with using either Norinyl or Norlestrin (46% and 51.7%, respectively). Norelestrin, aside from breakthrough bleeding, was reported as generally freer of side effects than the other 2 preparations. The probabilities of side effects being experienced in the 2nd or 3rd cycle after the effect(s) was experienced in the 1st cycle showed that overall, for all 3 combination pills, the probabilities significantly decreased from the 2nd to the 3rd cycle (P .05). Also examined was the probability that a side effect would occur in the 2nd or 3rd cycle if the user had not experienced such an effect in the 1st cycle. In each instance, the probabilities are significantly lower (P .05) than the corresponding probabilities where the symptom had been experienced in a previous cycle. These data support the contention that side effects experienced on inititation of oral contraceptives should not prohibit its continuation because the majority of symptoms will disappear as the patient becomes accustomed to the hormonal preparation.
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PMID:The probability of side effects with ovral, norinyl 1/50 and norlestrin. 16 Aug 60


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