Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: DrugBank:APRD00691 (EE2)
 7,802 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study comparing 2 triphasic hormonal contraceptive preparations (combinations of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel) is reported. SH B 264 AB was used by 594 women for 6628 cycles with no pregnancies, while 634 women used SH B 261 AB for 6025 cycles with 1 pregnancy. A lower incidence of breakthrough bleeding and spotting was observed among SH B 264 AB users, and this preparation ("Triquilon") is preferred to the other. Triquilon users had a menstrual cycle length of 26-30 days and an amenorrhea rate of .4%. There was a low rate of breakthrough bleedings and spottings, which was higher when patients forgot to take their pills. In the vast majority of Triquilar users, body weight and blood pressure remained constant. Subjective side effects (e.g. nausea, dizziness, headache) were infrequent and decreased as the length of Triquilar use increased. A separate study of 1440 cycles of Triquilar use and 1343 cycles of Microgynon use showed that, while the contraceptive effectiveness was the same, the incidence of breakthrough bleeding and spotting was significantly less frequent among Triquilar users.
 ...
PMID:[The first three-stage preparation for hormonal contraception. Clinical results (author's transl)]. 11 12

Prevalence rates of various side effects were studied comparatively among 3 oral contraceptive preparations containing 50 mcg of the estrogen component. Norinyl 1/50, Ovral, and Norlestrin 1 were each randomly assigned to groups of 160 healthy women who had consented to participate in the study designed to quantitate probabilities of experiencing specific side effects and of their continuing into the subsequent cycles. Acne, breast discomfort, nausea, abdominal bloating, headache, fatigue, depression, irritability, vaginal discharge, and breakthrough bleeding were the specific side effects studied; only breakthrough bleedings showed a statistical difference in prevalence. The rate of breakthrough bleeding associated with Ovral use in the 1st 3 cycles (16.6%) was significantly (P .05) lower than that associated with using either Norinyl or Norlestrin (46% and 51.7%, respectively). Norelestrin, aside from breakthrough bleeding, was reported as generally freer of side effects than the other 2 preparations. The probabilities of side effects being experienced in the 2nd or 3rd cycle after the effect(s) was experienced in the 1st cycle showed that overall, for all 3 combination pills, the probabilities significantly decreased from the 2nd to the 3rd cycle (P .05). Also examined was the probability that a side effect would occur in the 2nd or 3rd cycle if the user had not experienced such an effect in the 1st cycle. In each instance, the probabilities are significantly lower (P .05) than the corresponding probabilities where the symptom had been experienced in a previous cycle. These data support the contention that side effects experienced on inititation of oral contraceptives should not prohibit its continuation because the majority of symptoms will disappear as the patient becomes accustomed to the hormonal preparation.
 ...
PMID:The probability of side effects with ovral, norinyl 1/50 and norlestrin. 16 Aug 60

4 women aged 30-34 years were given the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) analog D-Ser(TBU6-EA10-LRH to determine its effects on the pituitary response. 5 mcg/day analog were self-administered sc for 22-30 days beginning within the first 3 days of menstrual bleeding, and serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and progesterone were monitored 3 times weekly. In all 4 subjects there was a sharp rise in LH and FSH on Treatment Day 1 that fell to within lower normal follicular phase limits for the remainder of treatment. Estradiol and progesterone responses varied among the subjects, perhaps because premature bleeding caused 2 subjects to begin treatment at a different point in the menstrual cycle. 1 subject stopped treatment after Day 22 because of headache and vertigo. None of the women ovulated during treatment, but 3 of 4 had ovulated within 4 weeks of discontinuation of treatment, and all women ovulated in the following cycle. The anovulatory effect of the analog is thought to be due to a disturbance of pituitary gonadotropin secretion that leads in turn to disordered follicle development. The possibilities for using this analog as a means of birth control are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Inhibition of ovulation in women by chronic treatment with a stimulatory LRH analogue--a new approach to birth control? 35 12

63 pregnant women (aged 20-35 years) with a parity range from 0-3 (average 1.6+-.8) were treated in vaginal suppository form with ONO-802 at either .5 or 1 mg. Pregnancy-stage range was from 11-66 days beyond last expected menstrual period. Patients were instructed to insert 1 suppository every 3 hours for a maximum of 5 applications. Estradiol and progesterone levels were assayed from venous blood samples before (control) administration and 3, 6, and 24 hours postadministration. No changes were present at onset of contractions, but all fractions decreased by 48 hours postadministration. 63/63 responded with hemorrhage. 54/63 (86%) had complete abortions (89% with 1 mg, 84% with .5 mg). 9/63 were incomplete (14%), but there was sufficient dilatation for subsequent uterine content removal. With the 1-mg dose, uterine contractions and hemorrhage occurred about 1.5 hours sooner. 1/63 (1.6%) complained of nausea and vomiting, and 3 (4.8%) complained of headache. No other side effects were observed.
 ...
PMID:Termination of early pregnancy by ONO-802 suppositories (16,16-dimethyl-trans-delta2-PGE1 methyl ester). 70 15

A clinical review of the oral contraceptive Ovral (.5 mg norgestrel, .05 mg ethinyl estradiol), representing 6806 users over 9836 woman-years of use, is presented. 19 pregnancies occurred (.19 per 100 woman-years), though none were attributable to failure of the drug. Menstrual periods were regular and predictable in at least 80% of the patients. The incidence of intermenstrual bleeding was low (2.5% of the cycles). 306 patients (4.5%) discontinued medication for medical reason s, the most prevalent of which were headache, nausea and vomiting, weight gain, and nervousness. Breast masses developed in 19 women, carcinoma in situ of the cervix in 16 patients, and thrombophlebitis in 9 women. Hepatic and thyroid functions were slightly altered, though there was no evidence of abnormal adrenal function or neuro-ophthalmologic effects related to the medication. Fertility promp tly returned after cessation of treatment in most cases, and no infant a bnormalities were attributable to the drug. The contraceptive effect of Ovral is suggested to be due primarily to gonadotropin suppression with subsequent inhibition of ovulation.
 ...
PMID:Eight years of fertility control with norgestrel-ethinyl estradiol (Ovral): an updated clinical review. 118 25

Research in the area of oral contraception currently focuses on the development of selective progestogens that combine targeted progestational and antiovulatory activity with a minimal potential for androgenicity. The present dual-center study was conducted to investigate the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of a new monophasic oral contraceptive (OC) containing 250 micrograms norgestimate in combination with 35 micrograms ethinyl estradiol (Ortho-Cyclen or Cilest). Ninety-seven healthy women of childbearing age participated in the study: 37 received the new norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol combination OC as primary therapy and 31 were switched over from other OCs. The norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol formulation was well tolerated and was associated with excellent cycle control. After six cycles of use, there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of spotting or breakthrough bleeding compared with baseline, nor were there any significant changes in the incidence of headache, nausea, or mastalgia. Body weights remained constant for the duration of the study, as did systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Of particular note was the absence of any statistically significant alterations in metabolic parameters, including blood glucose or lipoprotein levels. These findings are consistent with the results of several other European studies and indicate that the norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol combination OC combines superior cycle control with minimal risk of androgenic side effects.
 ...
PMID:Clinical experience with a new norgestimate-containing oral contraceptive. 134 20

The performance of a new low-dose oral contraceptive (Mercilon) containing only 20 micrograms ethinyloestradiol combined with 150 micrograms desogestrel is reviewed. Eight multicentre clinical trials have been completed and provide information on 10,672 women studied over 73,477 cycles. The high efficacy of Mercilon was indicated by the finding that only 10 pregnancies were reported; nine of these occurred in women who omitted to take Mercilon on a number of days and only one in a woman who took all the tablets according to instructions. Cycle control was good; as with all oral contraceptives, the incidence of breakthrough bleeding and spotting was highest in the first treatment cycle and by the sixth treatment cycle the values were usually < 5% and < 7%. More than 80% of women had regular cycles. Side effects were few, the most common being headache, nausea and breast tenderness with incidences in the sixth treatment cycle of less than 2%, 6% and 6%, respectively. There were no significant changes in body weight or blood pressure. Pharmacodynamic investigations showed no adverse effects. Only 1 of 5 studies found an increased response to a glucose tolerance test compared to the pretreatment test. In 8 of 10 studies, serum HDL-C concentrations increased on treatment and this was associated with increases in apoproteins A1 and A2. Serum triglyceride levels also increased but no change occurred in serum cholesterol or LDL-C levels. Haematological factors were assessed in 8 studies and only minor changes were observed. Serum binding protein (SHBG, CBG, caeruloplasmin) concentrations increased and serum androgen levels decreased. Measurements of blood FSH, LH, oestradiol and progesterone indicated adequate inhibition of ovulation. Mercilon is the only oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms ethinyloestradiol to have high efficacy, to have no adverse pharmacodynamic effects and, importantly, to produce an acceptable bleeding pattern not significantly different from that of oral contraceptives with a higher content of ethinyloestradiol.
 ...
PMID:Clinical experience and pharmacological effects of an oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms oestrogen. 145 94

In addition to oral contraceptives (OCs), the morning-after pill, the minipill, and depot preparations also belong to hormonal contraceptives. The latter two contraceptives have not become established among young women because of inadequate cycle control. For postcoital contraception in Austria, Neogynon and Stediril-D, consisting of 0.05 mg of ethinyl estradiol (EE) + 0.25 mg of levonorgestrel, are used within 48 hours of unprotected intercourse. Lower dose OCs have considerably reduced the risks of side effects. Micropills are the optimal OCs with EE under 50 mcg combined with the new generation of gestagens. The beneficial effects include menstrual regularity and the prevention of anemia, ovarian cysts, and fibrocystic mastopathy. Nausea, headache, spotting, and weight gain do occur in individual cases, even among young people. The potential risk of thromboembolism is the most important, although arterial cardiovascular risk is minimal in young age. The probability of postpill amenorrhea is less than 1%. Micropills can be used by young diabetics provided the disease is not beyond 10 years' duration and there is no angiopathy. Acne, seborrhea, and hirsutism are beneficially influenced by a combination of 0.035 mg of EE with 2 mg of cyproterone acetate. The relative risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer are only about half as high among OC users as among nonusers. The risk of breast cancer in young OC users has not been conclusively explained. Regular colposcopy and cytology is recommended for young OC users to preclude the risk of malignancies of the genital tract. Sex education and the use of OCs that are the most suitable and effective for young people can reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies and abortion. The comparison of two 5-year periods in the 1970s and 1980s at the University Obstetrical-Gynecological Clinic in Graz showed that the incidence of births among women under 18 years of age decreased from 3.6% (778) to 1.6% (353).
 ...
PMID:[Benefits and risks of hormonal contraception]. 146 64

A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of triphasic oral contraceptives for prospectively confirmed premenstrual syndrome (PMS) was conducted with 82 subjects, 59 of whom completed the study and who were later confirmed to have moderate to severe premenstrual symptoms. 212 subjects were recruited between April 1987 - June 1988, and completed a menstrual history form and a 95-item retrospective questionnaire on premenstrual symptoms. Subjects took Synphasic (Syntex, Mississauga, Canada) containing 35 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, and 0.5 mg norethindrone. Subjects were monitored for 1 menstrual cycle for baseline, then took triphasic or placebo for 3 cycles. 23 oral contraceptive taking and 36 placebo subjects completed the trial: completers had higher status occupations and lower symptom severity scores than dropouts. Both pill and placebo groups showed significant clinical improvement on every symptom except headache. Symptom scores decreased significantly between baseline and 3rd treatment cycle, and between menstrual phase scores and the variables "mood swings," "more sleep," "unhappy," and "tense" in the 2nd treatment cycle compared with the 1st treatment cycle in both groups. In the pill group ratings of premenstrual breast pain were significantly lower in the 3rd treatment cycle compared with baseline (p0.05), and to the 1st treatment cycle (p0.01). No significant changes in breast pain were found in the placebo group. Some pill cycles showed significant reduction in edema. Those in the pill group who were initially rated as "depressed" showed greater improvement in work impairment, sleep requirements, and energy level premenstrually. The pill group, however, reported significantly lower sexual interest during treatment. This is the 1st reported double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospectively confirmed study of oral contraceptives for PMS.
 ...
PMID:A prospective treatment study of premenstrual symptoms using a triphasic oral contraceptive. 156 78

A 31-year old mother of a 3-year old child visited a rheumatologist complaining of pain in both wrists, nose bleeding, and headaches. Since her delivery her weight dropped 12 kg and she has taken Synthroid daily. Before her pregnancy, she took the combined oral contraceptive (OC) Norinyl for 7 years. After childbirth, she took the OC Ortho Novum 1/80. She did not smoke or abuse drugs or alcohol. She did not have a history of hepatic or gastrointestinal diseases. Her alkaline phosphatase and glutamyl transferase levels were higher than normal (632 IU/L and 142 IU/L vs. =or 110 IU/L and =or 55 IU/L, respectively). Other liver function tests, her electrolytes, and her complete blood cell count were not unusual. She underwent an abdominal computed tomography scan and ultrasonography which indicated a single right hepatic lobe lesion (9 cm in diameter). It was well vascularized and circumscribed (12 x 10.5 cm) with big arteries leading to the immediate subcapsular region. The veins and arteries of the other lobe and the spleen appeared normal. Based on these tests, surgeons removed a segment of the right liver. She recovered well. 18 months after surgery, she was in good health. Pathologic examination of the 748 gm segment revealed that endothelial cells lined the sinusoidal spaces indicating true sinusoidal ectasia. The segment also exhibited individual hepatocyte atrophy and necrosis and inflammatory reaction and early fibrosis. Bile ducts had proliferated many portal spaces. Hepatic sinusoidal ectasia may be a forerunner of focal nodular hyperplasia.
 ...
PMID:Hepatic sinusoidal ectasia. 164 40


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next >>