Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: DrugBank:APRD00691 (EE2)
 7,802 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

17beta-Estradiol-3-monobenzoate injected s.c. in mice led to a dose-dependent stimulation of the global reticuloendothelial clearance function. Furthermore, a significant depression of serum hemagglutinin levels, being independent of the anitgen dose, was noticed. Although a slight decrease of antigen-sensitive (memory) cells was revealed, estradiol treatment before priming failed to impair immunological memory as assayed by hemagglutinin titers in the secondary reaction. Estradiol administration was followed by charakteristic organ weight changes (liver, thymus, adrenals). According to the literature it is suggested that estradiol, like diethylstilbestrol, is capable of depressing humoral antibody formation by differential effects on the reticuloendothelial system.
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PMID:[Effect of 17beta-estradiol-3-monobenzoate on humoral antibody formation in mice]. 13 98

Prevalence rates of various side effects were studied comparatively among 3 oral contraceptive preparations containing 50 mcg of the estrogen component. Norinyl 1/50, Ovral, and Norlestrin 1 were each randomly assigned to groups of 160 healthy women who had consented to participate in the study designed to quantitate probabilities of experiencing specific side effects and of their continuing into the subsequent cycles. Acne, breast discomfort, nausea, abdominal bloating, headache, fatigue, depression, irritability, vaginal discharge, and breakthrough bleeding were the specific side effects studied; only breakthrough bleedings showed a statistical difference in prevalence. The rate of breakthrough bleeding associated with Ovral use in the 1st 3 cycles (16.6%) was significantly (P .05) lower than that associated with using either Norinyl or Norlestrin (46% and 51.7%, respectively). Norelestrin, aside from breakthrough bleeding, was reported as generally freer of side effects than the other 2 preparations. The probabilities of side effects being experienced in the 2nd or 3rd cycle after the effect(s) was experienced in the 1st cycle showed that overall, for all 3 combination pills, the probabilities significantly decreased from the 2nd to the 3rd cycle (P .05). Also examined was the probability that a side effect would occur in the 2nd or 3rd cycle if the user had not experienced such an effect in the 1st cycle. In each instance, the probabilities are significantly lower (P .05) than the corresponding probabilities where the symptom had been experienced in a previous cycle. These data support the contention that side effects experienced on inititation of oral contraceptives should not prohibit its continuation because the majority of symptoms will disappear as the patient becomes accustomed to the hormonal preparation.
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PMID:The probability of side effects with ovral, norinyl 1/50 and norlestrin. 16 Aug 60

From Wistar rats, data are presented which indicate that inbred females a) have a greater ability to clear particulate matter from the blood stream than do males of the same strain; b) are significantly more resistant to two different forms of lethal circulatory stress (e.g., intestinal ischemia and whole-body trauma) than are males; and c) exhibit a greater resistance to undergo reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic depression after both forms of lethal trauma than do males. Estradiol treatment of males, using either acute, massive (1 or 10 mg/kg) or multiple, low dose (10 or 100 mug/kg) regimens, confers trauma resistance on such animals. Such estradiol treated male rats exhibit hyperactive RES's. These estradiol-treated males, when subjected to either lethal ischemia or trauma, fail to demonstrate the early RES phagocytic depression seen in untreated controls. Untreated female as well as estradiol-treated male rats exhibit significantly higher arterial blood pressures post-trauma than do untreated male rats. Direct microscopic observation of rat mesenteries indicr whole-b0dy trauma, the untreated females as well as the estradiol-treated males exhibit significantly less dilatation of microscopic capacitance vessels (i.e., venules) than do untreated male rats. The data reported herein could be used to suggest that estrogenic hormones may play pivotal roles in a) the amelioration of an organism's reaction to systemic stress; and b) control of macrophage and peripheral vascular functions.
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PMID:Sex and estrogens in protection against circulatory stress reactions. 97 Apr 65

The interaction of the junction potentials in response to ortho- and antidromic hypogastric nerve stimulation in mouse vas deferens was studied, using an extracellular recording method. Ortho-dromic repetitive hypogastric nerve stimulation (10 Hz, 5 min) simultaneously depressed the amplitude of the junction potentials in response to both ortho- and anti-dromic hypogastric nerve stimulation (post-te-tanic depression). No time-lag in recovery from the post-tetanic depression was observed between the junction potentials recorded from two separate electrodes, indicating that the proximodistal axonal flow of available transmitter was not involved in the recovery process. Double shocks, with intervals from 10 msec to 1 sec, were applied to the hypogastric nerve. The junction potentials in response to ortho- and ortho-dromic or anti- and anti-dromic double shock were markedly facilitated. On the contrary, the junction potentials in response to ortho- and anti-dromic double shocks were not facilited. The findings indicate that facilitation of the junction potentials is produced by the impulses propagated in the same direction along the terminal axon and also that the origin of the facilitation may be at a pre-junctional site.
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PMID:Junction potentials in response to ortho- and anti-dromic stimulation of hypogastric nerve in mouse vas deferens. 115 10

The effect of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, on plasma growth hormone (GH), plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylenegylcol (MHPG), blood pressure and sedation were studied in 16 menopausal subjects before and 6 wk after a 100-mg implant of estradiol. The specific binding of tritiated yohimbine to intact platelets also was studied. Estradiol implants increased basal GH output and reduced baseline MHPG and sedation scores. However, none of the subsequent responses to clonidine were altered. Platelet yohimbine binding also was unchanged following the implant. Both observer- and self-rating scales showed a marked reduction in anxiety and depression scores. The results suggest that estradiol may alter some indices of noradrenergic function, but that the mechanism does not involve alterations in alpha 2-adrenoceptor sensitivity.
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PMID:Effect of estradiol implant on noradrenergic function and mood in menopausal subjects. 131 72

Circulating levels of plasma estradiol, 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17 alpha,20 beta PROG), and thyroxine were measured during smoltification of coho salmon in two successive years (1984 and 1985). Two elevations of thyroxine occurred in both years, the first occurred in April followed by a second increase in May. Estradiol levels were dynamic with variable changes particularly in postsmolts when estradiol levels were either depressed in 1984 or high in 1985. However, elevations of estradiol preceded the second elevation of thyroxine in May in both years when the salmon were undergoing the later stages of smoltification. There were no consistent changes of plasma 17 alpha,20B PROG during this period. Although, in 1984, there were significant elevations and depressions of 17 alpha,20B PROG, and in 1985, there was a major unexplained depression of 17 alpha,20B PROG on April 24. There were no sexual differences noted for plasma steroid levels in the juvenile fish. These data suggest that there are seasonal changes of estradiol coinciding with other developmental changes during smoltification.
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PMID:Changes in plasma thyroxine, estradiol-17 beta, and 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one during smoltification of coho salmon. 160 Dec 59

Ortho- and antidromic responses recovered and remained robust for 5 h in slices exposed to transient hypoxia in low calcium, while responses remained depressed in slices made hypoxic in normal calcium. Elevating magnesium in addition to reducing calcium did not improve recovery compared to reducing calcium alone. Spreading depression-like hypoxic depolarization occurred earlier in low calcium than in control fluid. We conclude that loss of function was triggered by calcium uptake by neurons and not by cell swelling, and that activation of NMDA receptors probably played no part.
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PMID:Calcium, magnesium, and long-term recovery from hypoxia in hippocampal tissue slices. 186 44

A combination oral contraceptive (OC) called Cileste, containing norgestimate and 35 mcg ethinyl estradiol, was assessed in a study involving 46 gynecologists and their patients by administering a questionnaire about acceptance before treatment (first evaluation) and during the 4th cycle of its use (second evaluation). 683 subjects were enrolled: 424 patients took part in a comprehensive evaluation. 379 cases were fully analyzed. The average age was 25.4 years. 14.2 had completed mandatory schooling, 39.6% had graduated from apprentice or trade school, and 42.2% had graduated from secondary school or college. 38.8% were smokers. 13.7% had spotting; amenorrhea was rare in 10.8% and frequent in 3.4%; 22.4% had light and 14% had strong dysmenorrhea. 63.3% of participants rated Cileste very good, 23% rated it good, and 3.4% rated it middling (a low figure compared to the 10.6% middling rating of Trinovum users). 15.6% of 379 patients had strong bleeding at first evaluation vs. 4.7% at the second evaluation. 10% and 2.6% had strong dysmenorrhea, respectively. 33.7% of 377 patients had signs of depression at the first evaluation vs. 22% of 369 patients at the second assessment. Skin impurities and fatty hair associated with acne were side effects in 22.5% of 378 patients during the first evaluation and in 10.8% of 369 patients at the second evaluation. 28.2% of 638 patients at the first evaluation as compared to 15.6% of 425 patients at the second evaluation agreed that medication should be avoided in conditions of environmental pollution. The decrease was probably attributable to lack of side effects after 4 months of OC use. Women complaining of skin problems often suffered from stronger dysmenorrhea during the first phase. Strong bleeding and depression were also interrelated. Cileste also improved skin blemishes and fatty hair, thus during the second evaluation, fewer patients complained of depressive symptoms.
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PMID:[Acceptance and subjective well-being with a norgestimate combination pill]. 191 21

From August 1988-June 1989, 983 physicians participated in a phase IV trial by following 7759 women using the monophasic oral contraceptive (OC), Demulen 1/35 (1 mg ethynodiol diacetate and 35 ug ethinyl estradiol) to evaluate its efficacy and safety. The total number of cycles for the study stood at 21,440. In addition, the total woman-years stood at 1787. Only 6382 patients could be evaluated for safety. 4.4% of the patients had adverse reactions to the OC, but only 1.7% of all patients stopped taking it. The leading side effects included nausea (67 cases), headache (45), amenorrhea (42), emotional changes (30), breast pain (19), dysmenorrhea (12), and 11 cases of weight gain, abdominal/pelvic pain, and bloating. Of the 280 reported adverse reactions, only 87 (31%) were considered severe. The leading serious adverse reactions were depression (10) and hypertension (6). Only 5412 patients could be used to determine efficacy. The physicians initially reported 121 (2.2%) pregnancies during the study. The researchers learned that 33 of the 84 returned 2nd questionnaires (response rate, 70%) reported that the women conceived after enrollment but before taking the OC. 36 conceived while taking it, but 8 did not take it daily. Noncompliance may have contributed to pregnancy for the remaining 28 cases. Therefore the 36 confirmed pregnancies made for a failure rate of .7%. 85.7% of the pregnancies happened in the 1st 3 months of taking the OC. Either patient noncompliance or true medication failure accounted for treatment failure. Therefore it is important for physicians to instruct patients on how to take OCs correctly.
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PMID:Efficacy and safety of ethynodiol diacetate, 1 mg, with ethinyl estradiol, 35 micrograms, with an emphasis on contraceptive efficacy. A phase IV trial. 204 81

A role for eosinophils in the immune reaction has not been yet established. Considering that these leukocytes accumulate in lymphoid organs under glucocorticoid stimulation, we explored the possibility that they participate in the depression of immune reactions induced by these hormones and that they degranulate to exert this action. In this context, we investigated the dose effect of three estrogens on the number and degranulation of spleen red pulp eosinophils and on the percentage of spleen cross sectional area comprising white pulp. Estradiol-17 beta or 4 (OH) estradiol-17 beta increased red pulp eosinophils at low doses: 2 (OH) estradiol-17 beta increased them at a very high dose. The three estrogens degranulated the spleen eosinophils and decreased the lymphocyte containing spleen white pulp. We propose that the decrease in white pulp is a response mediated by agents released from degranulating eosinophils under the action of estrogen. Consequently, both estrogen-induced eosinophil degranulation and estrogen-induced increase in red pulp eosinophil numbers are conditions contributing to a decrease in white pulp volume. All above evidence supports the hypothesis that eosinophils are involved in immunoregulation by diminishing the number of lymphocytes contained in lymphoid organs.
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PMID:Effect of eosinophil-degranulating estrogens on spleen eosinophils and white pulp/red pulp ratio. 208 40


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