Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: DrugBank:APRD00627 (MAP)
 15,705 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Literature on the effect of progestins on glucose and lipid metabolism is reviewed. Progesterone, in doses mimicking pregnancy, enhances basal and glucose-stimulated insulin production. Synthetic progestins, in contraceptive doses, have no effect, or produce a moderate increase in glucose-stimulated production, depending on the route of administration and the species studied. The insulinotropic effects of progesterone and synthetic progestins are potentiated by estrogens. Generally, basal serum triglyceride concentrations are unaltered by progesterone or 17alpha-acetoxy-progesterone, though they may be decreased by 19-nortestosterone. Progesterone, in doses mimicking pregnancy, does not affect glucose tolerance. However, the concurrent administration of estrogen may improve glucose tolerance in rats and monkeys. Conversely, the administration of synthetic estrogen in combination with 19-nortestosterone derivatives impairs glucose tolerance in women; in some cases, 19-nortestosterone derivatives alone also have this effect. No consistent alterations in glucose metabolism have been observed with 17alpha-acetoxyprogesterone derivatives alone. The reasons for the species-related differences in glucose metabolism during treatment with 19-nortestosterone remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Effect of progestins on glucose and lipid metabolism. 10 34

The types of methylases are found in the cellular extract of Escherichia coli B, infected with phage DDVI. One of them is a cellular enzyme, which methylates adenine to form 6-methylaminopurine (6-MAP) and is repressed in the infected cell in vivo. The second type, which is not found in the non-infected cells, is specific for phage DDVI and induces the formation of 7-methylguanine (7-MG). Both enzymes recognize various sites, which accounts for the ratio 6-MAP/7-MG to vary in heterological DNAs between 2.07 in phage Sd DNA and 0.40 in phage DDII DNA. During in vitro incubation with homologous methylases phage DDVI DNA and especially phage T2 DNA are subjected to further methylation, which is probably indicative of their "undermethylation" in vivo. The DDVI-specific enzyme, similar to B-specific type, methylates DNA with a normal set of nitrogenous bases (phages Sd and DDII), as well as DNAs containing 5-oxymethylcytosine and glucose (phages T2 and DDVI). Both methylases under study use only native double-helical DNA as substrate and are strongly inhibited by S-adenosylhomocysteine. Phage DDVI Methylase is characterized by low stability.
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PMID:[Some peculiarities of phage DDVI-specific methylases]. 32 98

Progesterone inhibits insulin action in vivo and in vitro. In vivo the hypoglycemic action of an intravenous injection of insulin is counteracted by a simultaneous injection of progesterone. In vitro, insulin effect on glucose uptake and on 14CO2 production from 14C-glucose is inhibited by progesterone in female rat diaphragme muscle, adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes. Thus, progesterone plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy in the rat.
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PMID:[Role of progesterone in the insulin-resistance during pregnancy in the rat (author's transl)]. 44 30

Progesterone and oestradiol treatment of ovariectomized rats was administered leading to plasma steroid concentrations comparable to those of the pregnant rat. In these experimental conditions oestradiol enhanced insulin secretion but progesterone had little effect on B cell response to glucose (0.8 g/l and 1.4 g/l) of the perfused pancreas. At low glucose concentration (0.8 g/l) neither of the two steroids, added to the perfusion medium, had any effect on insulin release of the pancreas of the castrated animals; oestradiol exerted a facilitating action on glucose stimulation (1.4 g/l); progesterone had no effect. During pregnancy biphasic insulin secretion was enhanced, but pancreatic hormonal content was only increased at term. Neither oestradiol nor progesterone treatment changed pancreatic insulin content. It is concluded that oestradiol acts on insulin release at pancreatic level directly, whereas progesterone influences insulin release by causing insulin resistance.
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PMID:Effects of pregnancy and progesterone and/or oestradiol on the insulin secretion and pancreatic insulin content in the perfused rat pancreas. 44 33

MPA (medroxyprogesterone acetate), a synthetic hormone derived from progesterone, has been shown to have a strong progestational effect in both man and animals after oral administration. This is a report on a specific GLC (gas-liquid chromatographic) method for determining MPA in human plasma. Additional reagents used were: acetone, acetonitrile, benzene, cyclohexane, and heptafluorobutyric anhydride. Each of the following steps in the laboratory procedure is explained: 1) GLC; 2) mass spectrometry; 3) standard external calibration graphs; 4) plasma preparation; and 5) internal calibration graphs. After extraction of the plasma with cyclohexane and formation of the 3-enol heptafluorobutyrate ester of the drug, MPA was determined by GLC on an OV-17 column with an electron-capture detector. All results are graphed. Unfortunately, purification was impossible because MPA can be easily extracted at any pH and has a chemical structure similar to that of cholesterol.
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PMID:Quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic determination of medroxyprogesterone acetate in human plasma. 53 31

3-Mercaptopicolinic acid (3-MPA), a potent hypoglycemic agent in fasted rats, provided the impetus for substituting this compound with a 5-mercapto group (1), a 6-carboxyl group (2), and a 5-mercapto and 6-carboxyl group (3) and for replacing the pyridine ring with other heterocycles: quinoline (4), thiazole (5), pyrazine (6), isoquinoline (7), and indole (8). The methyl sulfoxide (9) and sulfone (10) of 3-MPA were also prepared. The new compounds 1-10, with the exception of 8, did not lower blood glucose levels in 48-h fasted rats. 8 was toxic at doses which were hypoglycemic.
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PMID:Mercapto heterocyclic carboxylic acids, analogues of 3-mercaptopicolinic acid. 85 Feb 42

The in vitro incorporation of E1U-C14]-glucose by ampullary and isthmic segments of the Fallopian tube and the uterus was determined in the intact (estrous), ovariectomized, ovariectomized plus estrogen and ovarietcomized plus estrogen + progesterone treated rabbit. In the intact animal the ampulla incorporated glucose at a faster rate than the isthmus; uterine uptake is minimal. Ovariectomy reduced the rate of incorporation below normal values in all the tissues. EDP (estradiol dipropionate) administered to ovariectomized rabbit increased the incorporation rate. Progesterone antagonized the EDP-induced uptake. The relative rate and pattern of incorporation by the three tissues were, however, determined by the dosage of estrogen and the estrogen/progesterone ratio.
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PMID:Incorporation of [U-C14-A1-glucose in vitro by different parts of the rabbit Fallopian tube and uterus. 85 85

Triglyceride metabolism was investigated in groups of fed and fasted rats after 21 days of parenteral estradiol (5 mug daily), progesterone (5 mg daily), or the two steroids in combination. Results were compared with control groups receiving an oil solvent alone. In rats given estradiol separately or combined with progesterone, hypertriglyceridemia was uniformly associated with increased plasma triglyceride entry, estimated with the i.v. Triton WR1339 technique. Progesterone alone had no effect on these parameters. Plasma postheparin lipolytic activity (PHLA), adipose, mammary gland, and protamine-resistant liporotein lipases (LPL) were significantly increased in progesterone-treated rats and significantly decreased in rats receiving estradiol with the exception of mammary gland LPL, which was also increased to a slight extent. The combined regimen reduced plasma PHLA and increased protamine-resistant adipose, and mammary gland LPL activity. Sex steroid treatments had minimal effects on plasma glucose and free fatty acid concentrations, but all increased plasma insulin significantly. Hyperinsulinemia did not parallel changes in body weight or other measured parameters. Linear regression analyses revealed that plasma triglyceride concentrations in all fed, treated rats correlated significantly with triglyceride entry but not very uniformly with plasma or tissue LPL activity. We conclude that estradiol, unlike progesterone, has substantial lipemic effects in the rat which relate best to triglyceride entry. Hyperinsulinemia, changes in body weight, plasma PHLA, and tissue LPL activities did not consistently predict the influence of sex steroid treatment on plasma triglyceride concentrations.
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PMID:Sex steroid influence on triglyceride metabolism. 115 92

Progesterone concentrations in milk were not significantly different when quantitated by different methods (RIA vs. GLC). There was a significant day effect (P less than 0.05) on milk progesterone level due apparently to gradually decreasing values as pregnancy advanced over days 30, 120 and 210. The means for the percent fat content were different (P less than 0.05) for all comparisons among four times of collection (immediately premilking, milking pool, immediately postmilking, and 3 hr postmilking). For progesterone concentration, the main effect of time and the three-way interaction (time times antiserum times purification method) were significant (P less than 0.005); all other main effects and interactions were not significant. Within each of 4 assay groups (2 antisera times 2 purifications), the concentration of progesterone was greater (P less than 0.05) for the samples which were collected immediately postmilking than for any of the other times of collection. The three-way interaction seemed due primarily to difference in progesterone determinations among the four assay groups in the samples which were taken immediately postmilking. Over all milk samples within each assay group, the percent fat content and the concentration of progesterone were positively correlated (r = 0.71, P less than 0.01).
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PMID:Comparison of radioimmunoassay and gas-liquid chromatography analyses of progesterone concentrations in cow's milk. 116 84

Propagation problems in buffaloes are often not easily recognizable, particularly lacking are studies on the repeat breeding syndrome. In the present study repeat breeder buffaloes were inseminated 3 or more times within the same lactation period. The incidence of typical repeat breeders was 8.33% in the lactation herd. These animals had a longer lactation period and a higher number of services per conception than normal buffaloes. The correlation coefficients were significant between the number of services per conception and each of weight at birth and weight at first service. Repeat breeders significantly (P < 0.05) surpassed normal buffaloes in creatinine values and had contrary values in the serum albumin concentration, glucose, inorganic phosphate, and zinc. Progesterone in urine (efficacious progesterone) was significantly lower on the 10th day post estrus, whereas the non-efficacious progesterone was significantly higher in repeat breeders. Supplying the repeat breeders with sodium phosphate for 1 month 40 g/head/day in the diet and 500 ppm zinc acetate in the drinking water improved the conception rate by 80%.
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PMID:Typical repeat breeding and its improvement in buffaloes. 129 3


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