Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: DrugBank:APRD00627 (MAP)
 15,705 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cholesterol and triglycerides were measured in plasma samples from patient with cancer of the prostate before and after 3 months treatment with either Premarin, Provera, Provera and diethylstilbestrol, or diethylstilbestrol alone. Cholesterol was also measured before and after one of three doses of diethylstilbestrol or placebo. Pretreatment cholesterol levels at 196 +/- 1.3 mg per 100 ml (X +/- SE, N = 1093) were significantly lower than these reported for similar age group noncancer controls. Significant increases occurred with some of the estrogen treatments. Pretreatment cholesterol levels showed a significant negative correlation with age in Stage III and IV patients of both studies and a positive correlation with hemoglobin in Stage III patients of both studies. Pretreatment triglyceride levels at 120 +/- 1.9 mg per 100 ml (X +/- SE, N = 1089) were similar to levels reported for noncancer controls of similar age. Estrogen treatment produced a significant increase in triglyceride levels. Serum triglycerides were significantly correlated with hemoglobin, weight, and cholesterol and negatively correlated with age, Analysis of covariance for both cholesterol and triglycerides showed highly significant treatment effects, but no stage effects and no stage-treatment interactions. It showed that the pretreatment value is of extreme importance for predicting or explaining the 3-month value. Death rates were calculated by level of pretreatment cholesterol or pretreatment triglycerides for all Stage II and IV patients, all treatments combined, and for Study 2 and Study 3 separately. No consistent trends were evident for cholesterol. Spearman correlation coefficients between category of initial triglyceride value and rank of death rate were computed to test for a quadratic effect. When the absolute values of the initial triglyceride values minus the overall mean were correlated with the death rate, a significant negative correlation was found for all causes of death and for deaths due to cardiovascular disease and prostatic cancer. These results indicate that the death rate is highest near the overal mean for initial triglyceride values and decreases as the initial values deviate above or below the mean. Initial triglyceride levels appear to have potential as indicators of risk of death in patients with prostatic cancer. The percentage of patients dead at 1 year by initial triglyceride levels, measured only in Study 3, revealed a pattern similar to that observed for the death rate, that is, the highest percentages were associated with values near the overall mean.
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PMID:Response of serum cholesterol and triglycerides to hormone treatment and the relation of pretreatment values to mortality in patients with prostatic cancer. 18 47

Fibrinogen and plasminogen were measured in plasma samples from prostatic cancer patients before and after 3 months of treatment with either Premarin, Provera, Provera and diethylstilbestrol, one of three doses of diethylstilbestrol, or placebo. Plasminogen levels generally were increased significantly with the estrogens but were unchanged following placebo or Provera treatment. Pretreatment plasminogen levels in Study 3 were significantly lower (p less than .001) than in Study 2. Plasminogen pretreatment levels were significantly correlated with age, hemoglobin, body weight, and blood pressure. Fibrinogen pretreatment levels were significantly elevated above normal. They were not significantly with age, hemoglobin, body weight, or blood pressure. Fibrinogen levels generally were significantly decreased by the estrogens. Comparisons of means of pretreatment fibrinogen and plasminogen levels from patients dying during the first year of the study with the mean pretreatment levels of the patient group alive after 1 year on study yielded no significant differences. Death rates were calculated by pretreatment plasminogen or fibrinogen for all treatments of all Stage III and Stage IV patients combined for Study 2 and Study 3 separately. Such rates were calculated for all causes combined and for deaths from prostatic cancer or cardiovascular disease separately. The levels of plasminogen were significnatly negatively correlated with death rate from all causes combined and with cardiovascular disease considered separately, but not with death from prostatic cancer. The levels of fibrinogen were signigicantly positively correlated with death rates from all cuses and nearly significantly with prostatic cancer, but not cardiovascular disease. Elvated pretreatment fibrinogen levels were associated with an increased proportion of deaths at 1 year from all causes and from cancer of the prostate.
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PMID:Response of plasma fibrinogen and plasminogen to hormone treatment and the relation of pretreatment values to mortality in patients with prostatic cancer. 18 48

Six patients who took oral contraceptive agents for 5 to 18 years developed endometrial neoplasia. Endometrial adenocarcinoma occurred in 4 of these patients and severe adenomatous hyperplasia occured in 2. Five of the 6 patients took sequential agents; 1 patient used a combined agent. An additional patient who took Premarin and Provera sequentially developed adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Eighteen cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma and 7 cases of adenomatous hyperplasia in patients with long-term sequential oral contraceptive use have previously been reported by others. Progestogens may not be completely protective against the endometrial cancer-causing potential of the estrogens, especially in the sequential regimens.
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PMID:Endometrial carcinoma and oral contraceptive agents. 19 73

To assess the contribution of gonadal steroids to sexual behavior in aging women, we conducted a 10-week, double-blind, hormone replacement study of 40 naturally menopausal women (mean age, 58.3 yr). Prospective measurements of basal and stimulated vaginal vasocongestion and daily self-reports of mood, physical symptoms, sexual behavior, and perceived sexual pleasure were collected. Daily treatments were either conjugated equine estrogen, i.e. Premarin (P; 0.625 mg), Premarin and medroxyprogesterone acetate, i.e. Provera (PP; 0.625 and 5 mg, respectively), Premarin and methyltestosterone (PT; 0.625 and 5 mg, respectively), or placebo (PL). Compared to placebo, hormone treatment had significantly reduced hot flashes in the P and PP groups by week 4 and in the PT group by week 5. Headaches were reduced in the P vs. PL group, only. Hormone treatment did not significantly alter mood ratings, sexual behaviors, or psychophysiologically measured sexual arousal. PT treatment significantly increased reports of pleasure from masturbation compared to the other three groups, underscoring the apparent contribution of androgens to self-stimulatory behavior. However, the data suggest that in these physically and sexually healthy women, gonadal steroids do not influence major components of sexual functioning, including arousal and a wide variety of sexual activity and experience.
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PMID:Effects of estrogen, androgen, and progestin on sexual psychophysiology and behavior in postmenopausal women. 169 Jul 46

This study attempted to determine the effect of progestin therapy on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women and to compare its effects to those of estrogen. A prospective, randomized, clinical trial was performed on 81 postmenopausal women ages 51.7 +or- 4.4 years (mean +or- SD). They were assigned to either Provera 20 mg, Premarin 0.6 mg. Premarin 0.3 mg + Provera 10 mg, or placebo. In addition, all women received calcium supplementation, if necessary, up to a calcium intake of 1000 mg/day. The authors used single and dual-photon absorptiometry, metacarpal radiogrammetry, and computed axial tomography to measure bone mineral density in the total skeleton, spine, radius, and metacarpal. Women receiving the placebo lost bone at all sites (p0.01). The Provera-treated group showed no change in total body calcium, but there were decreases in radial density (p0.01). The Premarin-treated group has an increase in spine density and total body density (p0.05), but a decrease in radial density (p0.05). The Premarin + Provera group showed no change in spine density, total body calcium, or radial density, but had a decrease in metacarpal cortex (p0.01). Compared to placebo, Provera reduced the rate of loss in cortical areas of the skeleton, but not in the spine, which contains more trabecular bone. In contrast, Premarin reduced the rate of loss in both cortical and trabecular areas of the skeleton. The low-dose combination of Premarin + Provera was similar in its effects on bone to that of Premarin alone. This suggests that there may be a synergistic effect of this hormone combination on bone. Serum cholesterol levels decreased with provera, Premarin, and the combination of both, whereas levels of serum triglycerides increased with Premarin treatment, decreased with the Provera regimen, and were unchanged with the combination therapy. Provera does not adversely affect the lipid profile.
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PMID:Effect of progestin therapy on cortical and trabecular bone: comparison with estrogen. 184 82

Cyclic thrombocytopenia is a rare disease characterized by cyclic oscillations of platelet counts from very low to normal or higher. Severe hemorrhage may occur during the thrombocytopenic phase. To date, treatments for this disorder have been disappointing. Its pathophysiology is unknown. We report a successful outcome using danazol therapy. Prior to danazol treatment, the patient had a 7 year history of cyclic thrombocytopenia, refractory to glucocorticoids, splenectomy, azathioprine, vinca alkaloids, plasma infusions, and hormonal manipulation with Premarin-Provera. Her platelet counts were found to be oscillating in a 21 day cycle between 1 x 10(9)/L and 500 x 10(9)/L. Platelet-associated antibodies were positive and chromium-labeled platelet survival time was shortened. Following 2 months of danazol therapy, her platelet counts at the nadirs were significantly higher than at previous nadirs, and at no time thereafter dropped to the critically low values seen before danazol. Also at 2 months of danazol treatment, the patient reported amelioration of petechiae, and at 9 months it was completely cleared. However, platelet-associated IgG remained positive and platelet counts continued to oscillate, typically between 100 x 10(9)/L and 300 x 10(9)/L in the second year, but stabilized at 3 years, when platelet-associated IgG also disappeared. Danazol was discontinued after 3.5 years. The patient remains in unmaintained remission today, approximately 5 years after discontinuance of danazol. It can be argued that the long-term outcome was due to spontaneous remission. However, significant improvement was noted from the outset of danazol therapy, and further improvement with long-term therapy, as seen in the response of chronic ITP to danazol therapy. Danazol may offer lasting benefit in cyclic thrombocytopenia.
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PMID:Danazol therapy for cyclic thrombocytopenia. 201 64

We report the fasting and post-challenge plasma insulin and glucose levels in 469 nondiabetic postmenopausal women from the Rancho Bernardo cohort according to the current use of estrogen replacement therapy. In these older women, the use of noncontraceptive estrogen was not associated with impaired glucose tolerance. Estrogen-treated women had lower levels of insulin than women who were not taking estrogen; these differences were not explained by age, obesity, or differential hormone use by women with known glucose intolerance. There were no significant differences in glucose and insulin levels in those taking conjugated equine estrogen (Premarin) alone compared to those taking it with medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera).
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PMID:Ischemic heart disease risk in postmenopausal women. Effects of estrogen use on glucose and insulin levels. 216 81

The effects of low-dose estrogen and progestogen on menopausal symptoms and urinary excretion of calcium were studied with Kuppermen score and fasting morning urine Calcium/Creatinine (Ca/Cr) ratio, respectively, in 69 perimenopausal women. The women were divided into 3 groups: amenorrhea less than 1 year (14 women); post menopause 1 approximately 3 years (19); and post menopause more than 3 years (36). Fasting urine Ca/Cr ratio in the postmenopausal group 1 approximately 3 years was 0.19 +/- 0.01, significantly higher than that (0.14 +/- 0.01) in the amenorrhea group less than 1 year and (0.11 +/- 0.006) the postmenopausal group more than 3 years. 18 women received sequentially 4 patterns of low-dose oral estrogen and progestogen: MPA 2 mg Q O D., EE 5 micrograms Q D, EE 5 micrograms Q O D, and EE 5 micrograms and MPA 2 mg Q O D alternately. Each pattern was used for 3 weeks and discontinued for an interval of two 2 weeks, then started the next pattern and so on EE 5 micrograms and MPA 2 mg Q O D alternately gave the best results both in improving symptoms and lowering urine Ca/Cr ratio. Seven women having intermittent large dose EE 50 micrograms every 10 days or Premarin 2.5 mg every 7 days had symptoms relieved but inconsistent decrease of urine Ca/Cr ratio.
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PMID:[Action of low-dose estrogen and progestogen on the relief of climacteric symptoms and excretion of urinary calcium]. 220 16

The osteoporosis is a common problem among postmenopausal women causing at least 1.5 million fractures each year in the USA. Osteoporotic fractures are also common in women with other hypo-estrogenic states. Bone mass among females is fairly constant until the 5th decade and then begins to decline at all skeletal sites. This fall coincides with the gradual onset of ovarian failure. We were able to demonstrate reduced bone mass within three years of oopharectomy, but not in hysterectomized women with intact ovarian function. Estrogen therapy has been shown in a variety of studies to prevent the loss of bone that follows menopause. Cessation of therapy results in restoration of bone loss. The use of estrogen preparations in women with intact uterus requires the addition of a progestogen to protect against the deleterious long-term effects of unopposed estrogen on the endometrium. This does not interfere with the effects of estrogens on the skeleton, but does result in the return of menses, which reduces compliance among the older female population. In our group estrogens are usually prescribed orally (0.625 mg Premarin or its equivalent, or by another route (percutaneous transdermal), provided estradiol levels can be maintained in the modfollicular range. Estrogens are given continuously and- for women with intact uterus--a progestogen is added (Provera 5 mg per day) for 12-14 days each month, starting on the first day of each calendar month. All women should be followed by a gynecologist and have mammography appropriate to their age range. Reduced bone mass at the time of menopause probably indicated an individual who is at increased risk of osteoporosis and should be treated. As alternatives to estrogens calcitonin and diphosphonates can be prescribed to women who do not wish to take estrogen treatment.
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PMID:Estrogens in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. 253 84

Ninety-five healthy women who had been amenorrheic for at least 6 months were randomly assigned to one of four cyclic, sequential hormone regimens for 1 year. Groups A and C received 0.625 or 1.25 mg conjugated equine estrogen (Premarin), respectively, from days 1-25 and 5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) from days 15-25. Groups B and D were given 0.625 or 1.25 mg conjugated equine estrogen, respectively, from days 1-25 and placebo from days 15-25. Plasma estrone levels were physiologic after the lower dose of conjugated equine estrogen and supraphysiologic after ingestion of the higher dose. All four treatment regimens successfully controlled hot flushes, but patients who received 1.25 mg conjugated equine estrogen with or without medroxyprogesterone acetate had a higher energy level and a more enhanced sense of well-being (P less than .05). The four treatments all had favorable effects on lipid metabolism, albeit in a dose-related manner: After 1 year of treatment, high-density lipoprotein levels increased 4.3, 13.7, 13.4, and 19% in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively, compared with pre-treatment values. The high-density lipoprotein/low-density lipoprotein ratios, an antiatherogenic index, increased by 7.3, 13.6, 24, and 43% in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively. The findings of this study on the relative effects of different doses of oral estrogen and progestin, administered sequentially, on clinical symptoms and lipid metabolism provide guidelines for the treatment of postmenopausal women.
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PMID:A prospective one-year study of estrogen and progestin in postmenopausal women: effects on clinical symptoms and lipoprotein lipids. 270 4


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