Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: DrugBank:APRD00627 (MAP)
 15,705 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A progesterone intrauterine device (IUD), Progestasert, was prescribed for 25 patients unable to use an ordinary non-hormonal IUD. Both the amount of menstrual bleeding and the discomfort was observed to decrease more often than increase during the period of use of the progesterone IUD. Hemoglobin, hematocrit and the serum iron levels either remained static or increased. Continuation rate was 76 per cent after one year. The authors consider Progestasert a suitable alternative to the ordinary non-hormonal IUD in women with dysmenorrhea or menorrhagia and those in whom a previous IUD had been associated with pain or increased menstruation.
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PMID:Intrauterine progesterone contraceptive system as an alternative in cases where conventional IUD's are unsuitable. 57 35

Two experiments involving 44 cycling heifers were conducted to evaluate the luteolytic activity of a synthetic prostaglandin, AY 24366, and PGF2alpha. Activity was assessed by the decline in progesterone level of peripheral blood and occurrence of estrus. Progesterone concentrations of jugular blood plasma were quantified by radioimmunoassay. In the first experiment, 36 heifers were treated during diestrus with AY 24366 (A-10mg intrauterine, B-30mg intramuscular and C-60mg im) or with PGF2alpha (D-5mg iu, E-15mg im and F-30mg im). Mean progesterone 0, 24 and 48 hours after treatment were A-6.33, 5.55 and 5.06; B-6.35, 2.79 and 3.92; C-5.23, 2.69 and 3.91; D-5.19, 1.50 and 1.51; E-4.69, 0.85 and 0.61; F-6.66, 0.80 and 0.48 ng/ml. Standing estrus was observed in 1, 1, 1, 4, 5 and 6 females in groups A, B, C, D, E and F respectively within 72 hours of treatment. PGF2alpha resulted in significantly (P less than 0.01) lower progesterone at 24 and 48 hours than AY 24366. However, in administration of the latter did significantly (P less than 0.05) lower progesterone at 24 hours. In the second trial six heifers were treated with either 120 or 180mg of AY 24366 im on day 12 of the cycle. Mean progesterone declined from 3.84 to 2.12 ng/ml (P less than 0.01) by 6 hours and to 1.59 ng/ml by 12 hours. Thereafter the decline was gradual and reached a level of 0.65 ng/ml at 72 hours. All six heifers showed standing estrus at 78 +/-2 hours and were inseminated. Two in each group conceived. Doses of 15mg PGF2alpha and 120mg AY 24366 were effective in causing luteal regression, however, the latter caused respiratory discomfort for 5 to 10 minutes post treatment.
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PMID:Luteolytic activity of a synthetic prostaglandin and PGF2alpha in heifers. 125 93

Endotoxin of Gram-negative bacteria was orally administered in 5 female pigs and 8 male goats. Two of the gilts were pregnant. A solution of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Enterobacter agglomerans was mixed into the feed ration of the pigs (40 mg/animal), and given by gastric tube into the rumen of the goats (1-20 mg/animal). Jugular venous blood was collected and clinical signs, rectal temperature and WBC counts were recorded for 12-24 hours. Plasma concentrations of the major plasma metabolite of PGF2 alpha, 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF2 alpha were determined in both species, progesterone concentration only in pigs. The pigs showed slight to severe signs of endotoxemia. Increases in rectal temperature and levels of the PGF2 alpha metabolite occurred in 3 gilts. Progesterone level and the total WBC counts remained unchanged. Differential counts followed irregular patterns mostly within the normal range. The goats showed slight signs of discomfort. Temperature increased in one animal. No other parameters were altered after the intake of LPS. The observations in pigs indicate that endotoxin either penetrated the intestinal barrier causing systemic endotoxemia or induced inflammatory reactions in the intestine activating inflammatory mediators.
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PMID:A clinical and endocrine study on the effect of orally administered bacterial endotoxin in adult pigs and goats. 211 50

Forty-eight women with premenstrual problems were recruited for therapy with either medroxyprogesterone (MPA) or norethisterone (NET), both compared with placebo, in a double-blind cross-over study. Thirty-five (73%) completed the study. At an oral dose of 15 mg daily for 21 days each cycle, both MPA and NET suppressed ovulation, although reduction of urinary total oestrogen excretion was significantly greater with NET. Breakthrough bleeding occurred in 74% of the cycles treated with MPA but only in 22% of those with NET. Symptoms were monitored daily by visual analogue scales. Both progestins significantly reduced breast discomfort, compared with placebo. While MPA significantly improved individual psychological symptom scores by the second active treatment cycle and pooled psychological symptom scores in both active cycles, NET was no more effective than the placebo. Similar numbers from both groups withdrew because of adverse effects. Among the women treated with MPA, the response to active and placebo therapy was related to the pretreatment psychological symptom profile. The results suggest that the beneficial effect of therapy with MPA in women with premenstrual problems was a consequence of disruption of menstrual cyclicity rather than a result of ovulation suppression.
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PMID:Inhibition of ovulation with oral progestins--effectiveness in premenstrual syndrome. 230 45

The term "pregnancy interception" covers all fertility control methods that interfere with implantation of the fertilized egg, either by inhibiting its transport or implantation or by eliminating the already implanted blastocyst. A few researchers beginning in 1960 used high doses of estrogen in the immediate postovulatory period to prevent implantation. It was discovered that administration had to occur soon after coitus to be effective. Estrogens were administered orally for 5 days beginning in the 72 hours following unprotected intercourse in the ovulatory phase. Secondary effects were common: vomiting in 40% of cases, menometrorrhagia in 30%, and almost constant breast discomfort. About 10% of pregnancies in case of failure of the method were ectopic. The mechanism of action is still not understood. A combined treatment of 50 mcg ethinyl estradiol and a 19-norsteroid progestin has been used since 1975. It must be administered in the 48 hours following coitus and repeated 12 hours later. The duration of treatment and quantity of hormones are significantly reduced, but the secondary effects are similar to those of estrogens used alone, and the failure rate is 2%. Some progestins can also be used alone. IUD insertion up to 7 days after the unprotected intercourse has a contragestive effect, but the risk of infection is considerable and 3% of patients develop endometritis. The risk of secondary sterility discourages use of the method, especially in nulliparas. The prostaglandins E and F are effective in early pregnancy termination, but their side effects considerably limit their use. The average duration of bleeding is acceptable, but prostaglandins cause very painful uterine contractions in 30-40% of cases. Gastrointestinal secondary effects often require termination of treatment. The recent synthesis and use of the antiprogesterone compound RU-486 offers real promise for a widely usable contragestive method. Progesterone is indispensable for the continuation of pregnancy, and inhibiting its action on the endometrium interrupts pregnancy. An antiprogesterone acts by competing directly with progesterone at the target cells. The antiprogesterone RU-486 also has dose-dependent luteolytic and antigonadotropic effects whose mechanisms are not completely understood. Clinical trials have proven the innocuity of RU-486, and its efficacy of about 90% will undoubtedly be improved. Interruption of early pregnancy is a major indication for RU-486. The duration of the pregnancy appears to be the determining factor in the percentage of success, but most researchers have had failure rates of 15% even in pregnancies of less than 5 weeks. Possible heavy bleeding or failure in case of ectopic pregnancy indicate the need for medical surveillance. A different route of administration and combination with a small dose of prostaglandin would undoubtedly raise the success rate. RU-486 may have more promise as a post-coital agent, and may potentially be the basis for development of a once-a-month pill.
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PMID:[Contragestion]. 365 95

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB), menstrual bleeding not explained by organic pathology in the pelvis or systemic deseases that exacerbate bleeding, is suspected when a reproductive-aged woman has excessive menstrual flow. Ovulatory DUB is most common in parous women aged 30-45 years. Cycles are regular and predictable and menstrual flows are preceded by breas soreness, mood or energy changes, or pelvic discomfort. Hypochronic microcytic anemia may result from the amount, rapidity, and duration of bleeding. Current evidence supports the hypothesis that DUB is associated with an increased total amount of prostaglandin in the uterus. Prostacyclin appears to be a likely cause of menorrhagia because it is locally produced within the intima of vessels and is a powerful vasodilator and effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation. DUB diagnosis requires careful exclusion of organic pathology through a detailed history, complete physical examination, and a complete blood count. A beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin measurement to rule out obstetric accident, curettage, hysteroscopy, biopsy, or laparoscopic visualization may be appropriate under different conditions. Curettage, thyroid hormone administration, ergot alkaloids, vitamin and mineral preparations, and iron therapy do little to correct the basic problem. Aspirin should be avoided in the week before and on the days of flow since in analgesic doses it inhibits the platelet thromboxanes that promote platelet agggregation and local vasoconstriction. Bed rest or reduced physical activity on days of flow is also advisable. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are effective in reducing blood loss in women with DUB. The durgs are prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, but the biochemical modifications causing an improved bleeding pattern are not well understood. All such drugs are effective, but some women experience greater relief with 1 formulation than another. Medroxyprogesterone acetate, 10 mg dialy for 7 days before the onset of flow, reduces bleeding in some women although the mechanism of action is unclear. Oral contraceptives (OCs) containing progestins derived from 19-nortestosterone inhibit endometrial proliferation, so ther is little tissue to be shed and little local prostaglandin to stimulate bleeding. Nonsmoking women under 40 years old with DUB who desire reversible contraception are excellent candidates for OCs. Aminocaproic acid is very expensive and has annoying gastrointestinal side effects. but is cost-effective for women with chronic anemia or life threatening uterine hemorrhage who wish to avoid hysterectomy. Danazol is of little usefulness because of its expense and side effects. Hysterectomy is an acceptable therapeutic option for many women.
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PMID:Dysfunctional uterine bleeding in ovulatory women. 388 Aug 90

A 62 year-old woman with a bilateral carotid body paraganglioma presented, 2 years after the removal of the right one, with signs of right-heart failure. Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, polycythemia and pulmonary hypertension with normal ventilatory capacity were found. Central alveolar hypoventilation was diagnosed on the basis of absence of ventilatory response and sensation of provoked hypercapnia, prolonged breath-holding time and correction of hypercapnia by voluntary ventilation. Progesterone (200 mg/d during 3 weeks) or naloxone did not improve either arterial blood gases (ABG) or the P 0.1/PCO2 curve. Hypoxemia and hypercapnia were not corrected during metabolic acidosis provoked by acetazolamide (250 mg/d). Nasal CPAP did not control hypoventilation periods. Mechanical ventilation was initiated with negative pressure (NPV) through a poncho. The patient presented severe discomfort with NPV and obstructive apneas were verified during it. She refused to continue NPV. Mechanical ventilation was initiated with positive intermittent pressure (IPPV) through a nasal mask. The patient had excellent tolerance to the procedure. SpO2 during IPPV was always higher than 95%. During sleep induction (under IPPV), respiration in phase with the ventilator 1: 1 was observed; instead, during consolidated sleep there was a complete dependence of the ventilator with apnea for over 2 min when IPPV was interrupted (Fig. 1). After 2 months of treatment, a relief of right ventricular failure occurred and hematocrit fell to 39%. There was an improvement of day-time ABG (Table I). The P. 0.1/PaCO2 curve 3 months after IPPV was the same as the previous one (Fig. 2). The patient has been for 18 months on home ventilation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Central alveolar hypoventilation with cor pulmonale: successful treatment by non-invasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation]. 771 33

A 35-year-old nulligravid female with a 20 pack year history of smoking and continuous OC use since age 16 presented with recurrent pneumothoraces coinciding with the onset of menses at age 28. At that time she underwent a right partial pleurectomy and lobectomy, which demonstrated bullous disease but no glandular or stromal elements. Although catamenial respiratory discomfort persisted while on OCs, no pneumothoraces were documented until age 33 at which time she was given the diagnosis of catamenial pneumothorax. A diagnostic laparoscopy failed to demonstrate endometriosis or the presence of diaphragmatic defects. In an effort to preserve her fertility, she began a course of LA-GnRH-a therapy with depot LA. Because of disabling vasomotor and emotional side effects, continuous conjugated estrogens and MPA acetate were given as add-back therapy. She has remained symptom and side effect free for over 2 years on this regimen.
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PMID:Leuprolide acetate treatment of catamenial pneumothorax. 829 33

Exposure to ozone (O3), a toxic component of photochemical smog, results in significant airway inflammation, respiratory discomfort, and pulmonary function impairment. These effects can be reduced via pretreatment with anti-inflammatory agents. Progesterone, a gonadal steroid, is known to reduce general inflammation in the uterine endometrium. However, it is not known whether fluctuations in blood levels of progesterone, which are experienced during the normal female menstrual cycle, could alter O3 inflammatory-induced pulmonary responses. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that young, adult females are more responsive to O3 inhalation with respect to pulmonary function impairment during their follicular (F) menstrual phase when progesterone levels are lowest than during their mid-luteal (ML) phase when progesterone levels are highest. Nine subjects with normal ovarian function were exposed in random order for 1 hr each to filtered air and to 0.30 ppm O3 in their F and ML menstrual phases. Ozone responsiveness was measured by percent change in pulmonary function from pre- to postexposure. Significant gas concentration effects (filtered air versus O3) were observed for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), and forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of FVC (FEF25-75; p < .05). More importantly, the pulmonary function flow rates, FEV1 and FEF25-75, showed a significant menstrual phase and gas concentration interaction effect, with larger decrements observed in the F menstrual phase when progesterone concentrations were significantly lower. We conclude that young, adult females appear to be more responsive to acute O3 exposure during the F phase than during the ML phase of their menstrual cycles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Enhanced response to ozone exposure during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. 840 62

This article examines the beliefs about Depo-Provera held by three groups of contraceptors utilizing urban family planning clinics in the United States (n = 836). Patients choosing Depo-Provera, oral contraceptives, and Norplant were asked about their beliefs regarding Depo-Provera in the following four domains: effectiveness in preventing pregnancy, convenience, side-effects, and risk to health; and also for their perceptions regarding the physical discomfort and cost associated with the method. Findings reveal that patients choosing the pill and Norplant give Depo-Provera significantly lower ratings for both convenience and effectiveness than do Depo-Provera acceptors. Given the documented effectiveness of Depo-Provera, this is a potential cause for concern. Moreover, Norplant and pill choosers are most likely to hold inaccurate beliefs regarding both the cost of Depo-Provera, and certain side-effects associated with its use. Although more than half of all patients believe the Depo-Provera would cause menstrual changes and weight gain, it is noteworthy that the proportions are not higher, given their known association with the method. Knowledge about the likelihood of these side-effects is essential, particularly for those choosing Depo-Provera. Implications for physicians, counselors, and other family planning professionals are discussed.
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PMID:Beliefs about Depo-Provera among three groups of contraceptors. 873 15


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