Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: DrugBank:APRD00627 (MAP)
 15,705 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Both the gonads and the adrenal cortex secret steroids with anabolic activity. It should be realized that the most intense anabolism occurs during infancy and childhood at which time the concentration of steroid hormones with anabolic activity is extremely low. By far the most important anabolic steroid is in testosterone followed by androstenedione, androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. Also, estrogens have a generalized anabolic effect, although these hormones have their greatest anabolic action in their respective target organs. In males, after a short period of relatively high T levels immediately after birth, T levels during infancy and childhood are low (+/- 20--30 ng/100 ml); the increase of T levels in one of the first objective signs of puberty and over a period of 3--4 years adult T levels are reached. The latter vary between 380 and 1,000 ng (mean 660 ng/100 ml); the increase in the protein-free, non-protein bound testosterone is even more impressive as the concentration of testosterone binding globulin decreases sharply at puberty. Testosterone levels remain constant up to the 7th decade of life, and decrease rapidly thereafter; free testosterone levels decrease already after the age of 40. T secretion rates in adult males vary between 4 and 10 mg/24 hrs (-/m: 6.6 mg/24 hrs); in males over 65 years the mean T secretion is 4.2 mg/24 hrs: this decrease is a consequence of a decrease in plasma levels and a slowing down of the metabolism. T in adult males originates practically exclusively from the testes. Decreased T levels and secretion rates are observed in hypogonadism and under stressful conditions (anaesthesia, anxiety, hangover, exhaustion, undernutrition) as well as ACTH stimulation. DHT levels parallel generally T levels. Androstenedions (A) in adult males originates in about equal parts from the testes and adrenals. Androstenedione production rates in adult males vary between 1.4--2.1 mg/24 hrs. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels are low in infants and young children. They increase in the immediate pre-pubertal period to reach adult levels after completion of puberty. ACTH as well as stressful situations increase DHEA levels. The mean DHEA production rate is +/- 70 mg/24 hrs. Androsterone is a metabolite of T, A, DHEA, and 170HP, and circulates in plasma essentially as the 3-sulphate and to a lesser extent as the 3-glucuronide. In females, androgen levels before puberty are grossly similar to levels in male children. Pre- and post-menopausal levels of T, DHT, DHEA and their rates of production are discussed. Estrogens have also some anabolic effects. Levels of estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) in cycling and post-menopausal women are also given. In post-menopausal women E2 levels are extremely low. E2 production rates in post-menopausal women are of the order of 5--20 mug/24 hrs. Progesterone does not appear to have an anabolic effect...
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PMID:Plasma levels and secretion rate of steroids with anabolic activity in man. 13 98

The present study was performed in an attempt to elucidate the possible neural networks and their functional modification by progesterone among estrogen and progesterone effective brain areas for lordosis behavior of the rat. Single and multiple unit activities were recorded in the medial preoptic area (MPO), dorsomedial thalamic nucleus (MD), interpeduncular nucleus (IP) and ventral part of midbrain reticular formation (MRF), and single or train pulse stimulation was applied to the MPI, MD, IP, MRF, caudate-putamen (CP), habenular nucleus (HB), dorsal hippocampus (HPC), medial and lateral septum (m- and 1-SEPT) and lateral amygdala (1-AMYG). Unit activity was recorded under urethane anesthesia in ovariectomized rats pretreated with estrogen or with estrogen and progesterone. MPO units showed facilitatory responses to stimulation in the MRF, HB and 1-SEPT, and inhibitory responses to stimulation in the MD, HPC, m-SEPT and 1-AMYG in ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats. CP stimulation inhibited the MD unit activity. Stimulation in the IP had no effect on the MPO or MD units, while the IP units were affected by stimulation in the MPO, MD, CP and HB. MRF unit was accelerated by the MD and CP and inhibited by the MPO stimulation. In the ovariectomized, estrogen and progesterone-treated rat, the MPO unit responses to the MRF and MD stimulation, and the MD unit responses to the MRF and CP stimulation were different from those in the rat with only estrogen treatment. In addition, in the ovariectomized estrogen-primed rat, local application of progesterone to the MD prevented the inhibitory effect of the MD on the MPO unit. Progesterone, when given to the stimulated brain area, accelerated the MPO unit which was activated by the MRF stimulation, and inhibited the MD neuron which was inhibited by the CP stimulation. Multiple unit recordings showed similar results. Moreover, multi-unit activity in the HB and IP was elevated following a systemic progesterone application. On the basis of these results, the possible neural networks in the brain which participate in the lordosis control mechanisms are discussed.
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PMID:Electrophysiological studies on the neural networks among estrogen and progesterone effective brain areas on lordosis behavior of the rat. 44 59

The systemic hemodynamic effects of deep hypotension (MAP: 38 +/- 6 mm Hg) induced by sodium nitroprusside (S.N.) were studied in 20 patients who underwent surgery for cerebral aneurysm. The hemodynamic measurements were performed four times.: (1) during the preoperative period, (2) during stable anesthesia just before hypotension, (3) during stable hypotension, (4) 20 minutes after stopping nitroprusside. All patients were mechanically ventilated with a constant tidal volume and rate. Parameters for acid-base balance and Pa O2 were also recorded. Nitroprusside produces arterial and venous dilatation which results in a decrease of afterload and preload. The mean dosage of S. N. was 18 mcg/kg/mn. Systemic vascular resistances decreased by 62 p. cent. Mean arterial pressure decreased by 53 p. cent; it reached 40 mm Hg. Fall in preload resulted in a decrease in pulmonary wedge pressure by 28 p. cent. This fall in preload produced a decrease in stroke index according to Frank-Starling's mechanisms. However tachycardia allowed a rise in cardiac index by 20 p. cent. Increase of pulmonary wedge pressure at 8-10 mm Hg by blood volume expansion maintains stroke index at control level. Under these conditions the elevation of cardiac index is due to tachycardia. Cardiac rhythm disorders (wandering pace-maker, nodal rhythm) are observed in 5 patients after having stopped nitroprusside.
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PMID:[Deep hypotension induced by sodium nitroprusside in neurosurgery. I.--Systemic hemodynamic effects (author's transl)]. 48 87

Labetalol is a drug possessing both alpha and beta adrenergic receptor blocking properties. Its possible use in induced hypotension during halothane anaesthesia has been investigated. It causes a satisfactory decrease in arterial pressure unaccompanied by tachycardia. The circulatory effects of the drug during halothane anaesthesia, both with spontaneous and controlled respiration, have been measured and compared with those of halothane alone. In patients anaesthetised with 1% halothane, labetalol, with both spontaneous and controlled ventilation, was associated with a reduction in MAP from 71.5 mmHg to 54.0 mmHg (P less than 0.001) and 66.8 mmHg to 50.4 mmHg (P less than 0.001) respectively. This reduction was associated with decreases in Qt of 18% and 12% respectively. In the presence of labetalol, with 3% halothane and spontaneous respiration, the depressant effects of the anaesthetic on the heart became rapidly apparent: Qt was reduced by a further 28%. In patients not receiving labetalol, the depressant effects of 3% halothane were frequently countered by the positive inotropic effects of hypercarbia.
Anaesthesia 1978 Feb
PMID:Circulatory effects of labetalol during halothane anaesthesia. 63 71

To evaluate accurately changes in blood volume during oral-facial corrective surgery, double-tagged radioisotope blood volume studies were performed preoperatively and postoperatively. Unexpectedly large RCV deficits that were not consistent with EBL were observed in studies conducted at two separate facilities. Hypotensive general anesthesia was used for the intended purpose of reducing blood loss in oral-facial corrective surgery. Various physiological parameters were measured preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively to evaluate patient response to this anesthetic method. The MAP was reduced from 89.94 +/- 2.13 to 72.79 +/- 1.63 mm Hg under the influence of NaN infusion supplemented with halothane. No dose-response relationship existed between NaN and the intraoperative MAP. A 44% reduction in the measured red cell volume was observed in comparison to a previously studied group of patients who underwent similar surgical procedures under normotensive anesthesia. It is concluded from an extensive review of the literature that the most vulnerable period for serious complications is in the immediate postoperative period. No significant complications or adverse effects were observed in this study. It cannot be emphasized too strongly that the safety of this hypotensive technique lies in constant and careful monitoring of the patient and meticulous attention to all details of anesthetic management.
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PMID:Blood loss and hypotensive anesthesia in oral-facial corrective surgery. 108 15

Tracer kinetic techniques have been used to measure the production rate, metabolic clearance rate and mammary uptake of progesterone in six experiments on two Jersey cowsmthe cows were surgically prepared so that the carotid artery, jugular vein and mammary vein concentrations of progesterone, and udder blood flow, could be determined in conscious animals without anaesthesia or stress. The mean production rate of progesterone was 173 +/- 23-3 (S.ET) mug/min, with values ranging from 80 to 276 mug/min in pregnancy. The metabolic clearance rate was 22-5 +/- 2-0 1/min, or 0-21 +/- 0-025 1/min/kg metabolic body weight. The mammary uptake of progesterone was low, 3-1 +/- mug/min, and udder uptake accounted for about 3% of progesterone production rate. During [3H]A1progesterone infusion, radioactivity was transferred from blood to milk, probably by diffusion down a concentration gradient. Progesterone accounted for more than 88% of the ether-soluble radioactivity recovered from milk.
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PMID:Metabolic clearance rate, production rate, and mammary uptake and metabolism of progesterone in cows. 116 51

Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone in the adult female pig during the estrous cycle, late pregnancy and lactation and after ovariectomy and pentobarbitone treatment was investigated. The preovulatory LH surge occurred in 7 of 8 animals between 0000 and 1200 hours on Day 0 of the estrous cycle (Day 1 of standing heat). Progesterone fell 8 days before estrus and reached its lowest value 5 days prior to the preovulatory LH peak. LH was low and showed only minor fluctuations during late pregnancy, parturition and lactation, while progesterone declined 4-5 days before parturition. Both were low during lactation. 3 weeks prior to parturition, LH increases were followed by progesterone increases. 4-12 days after weaning the animals came into estrus followed by a LH increase and later a progesterone increase. Ovariectomy during diestrus resulted in an increase (p less than .001) in LH for 35-39 days. Ovariectomy caused abortion when performed on Day 100 of pregnancy, followed by a rapid increase in LH. Around Day 115 normal parturition and lactation took place when animals were spayed on Day 112 of pregnancy. As long as lactation was maintained LH levels remained lower than before ovariectomy (p less than .01). After weaning a rapid increase in the normal postovariectomy LH pattern was seen. Less than 5 hours of 30-35 mg pentobarbitone anaesthesia/kg body weight during proestrus has no effect on the preovulatory LH increase. However, more than 6 hours inhibited the LH peak and ovulation when the animal was under deep anaesthesia before 2400 hours on the day before estrus. A clear decrease in LH 40 minutes after a single intravenous dose of pentobarbitone was seen in ovariectomized pigs.
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PMID:Plasma luteinizing hormone and progesterone in the adult female pig during the oestrous cycles, late pregnancy and lactation, and after ovariectomy and pentobarbitone treatment. 127 Sep 63

The impact of esmolol infusion on hemodynamics, ventricular performance, venous admixture, sympathoadrenal, and renin-angiotensin system responses during sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced hypotension was studied in 11 patients undergoing lymph node dissection during general anesthesia with 60% nitrous oxide and fentanyl. Radial arterial and thermistor-tipped pulmonary catheters were employed for hemodynamic monitoring. Arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions, arterial plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma catecholamine levels were measured. Derived hemodynamic parameters and venous admixture (Qs/Qt) data were obtained from standard equations. Transesophageal echocardiography (6 patients) was used to assess left ventricular performance using the relationship between end-systolic wall stress (ESWS) and velocity of circumferential shortening (VCFC). After surgical incision, arterial hypotension was induced with SNP alone. Esmolol was infused at each of the following rates in sequence: 200, 300, and 400 micrograms/kg/min. Each esmolol infusion lasted 20 minutes and the SNP dose was adjusted to maintain MAP at 55 to 60 mm Hg. The mean dose of SNP required to induce hypotension was 5.5 micrograms/kg/min +/- 0.5 SE. Compared to prehypotension values, SNP induced significant increases in Qs/Qt and reductions in PaO2, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and stroke volume index (SVI). Esmolol infusion caused dose-dependent (highest with 400 micrograms/kg/min) reductions in the SNP requirement, heart rate (HR), SVI, Qs/Qt, and PRA, and also led to significant increases in SVR and left ventricular (LV) internal diameter in diastole as well as systole. Furthermore, esmolol infusion was associated with a dose-dependent downward and leftward shift of the ESWS versus VCFC relationship, implying diminished contractility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Esmolol infusion during nitroprusside-induced hypotension: impact on hemodynamics, ventricular performance, and venous admixture. 134 63

Hemodynamic responses to intravenous (i.v.) injection of DPMA [N6-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methylphenyl)ethyl] adenosine); PD 125,944], a potent adenosine agonist with a 32-fold selectivity for the adenosine-2 (A2) receptor subtype, were characterized in conscious and anesthetized rats. In conscious rats instrumented with miniaturized pulsed-Doppler flow probes, i.v. injection of increasing doses of DPMA (3-30 micrograms/kg) had little effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP, maximal decrease -8 +/- 4 mm Hg) or renal and mesenteric resistance (maximal change 8 +/- 14 and 0 +/- 15%, respectively). In contrast, DPMA markedly reduced MAP (maximal decrease -61 +/- 8 mm Hg) in a dose-dependent (1-30 micrograms/kg) fashion in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. The A2 agonist also caused a sustained, dose-dependent increase in heart rate (HR, maximal increase 75 +/- 12 beats/min) in conscious rats. The tachycardia and decrease in arterial pressure were completely reversed by i.v. administration of CGS 15943 (250 micrograms/kg), a selective adenosine receptor antagonist. Pretreatment with propranolol or hexamethonium significantly reduced but did not abolish the tachycardia, suggesting that the increase in HR was mediated only partially through reflex increases in sympathetic tone. These data indicate that (a) anesthesia potentiates the depressor actions of DPMA and (b) stimulation of A2 receptors increases HR through both direct and indirect mechanisms of action.
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PMID:Selective adenosine-2 agonist produces both direct and reflex tachycardia in normotensive rats. 137 30

Administration of fentanyl or lidocaine alone often insufficiently suppresses the haemodynamic reaction to laryngoscopy and intubation. We therefore evaluated the combination of both substances in patients with good ventricular performance (EF > 60%) undergoing coronary bypass surgery. 20 patients were randomly assigned to Group 1 (G1) or Group 2 (G2). As induction agents flunitrazepam (0.025 mg/kg), fentanyl (6-7 micrograms/kg) and pancuronium (0.1 mg/kg) were used. 3 minutes prior to intubation G1-patients received saline (0.1 cc/kg) while in G2 patients lidocaine (1 mg/kg) was administered. 10 minutes after termination of the preparations for induction (M1), prior to (M2), during (M3) and 10 minutes after the end of intubation (M4) heart rate (HR), blood pressure (MAP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and cardiac output (CO) were measured. From these values we calculated rate-pressure product (RPP), total peripheral resistance (TPR), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV) and stroke index (SI). Whitney-Mann test (U-test) served for statistical evaluation. If compared to baseline (M1), induction of anaesthesia caused in both groups a significant decrease of MAP (G1: 109 to 81 mmHg; G2: 97 to 77 mmHg), CO (G1: 6.2 to 5.2 l/min; G2: 6.6 to 5.2 l/min), CI (G1: 3.3 to 2.8 l/min m2; G2: 3.5 to 2.7 l/min m2) and RPP (G1: 12701 to 10201 mmHg min-1; G2: 11309 to 8070 mmHg min-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Lidocaine plus fentanyl for controlling cardiovascular reactions to laryngoscopy and intubation]. 145 Mar 10


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