Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: DrugBank:APRD00627 (MAP)
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Plasma levels of progesterone, 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone (OHP), human placental lactogen (hPL), and beta-subunit human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were measured in 9 Australian and 10 Scottish therapeutic abortion patients for 24 hours after the procedure. Progesterone levels fell to 50% within 4 hours of termination and were at 15% of preabortion levels at 24 hours in the Scottish group. Among Australian subjects, the progesterone level fell to 26% of the pretermination value by 4 hours and to 6% of this after 24 hours. The mean level of 17 alpha-OHP was 83% of the pretermination value at 4 hours and 63% at 24 hours. There was no significant change in the circulating level of hCG within the 1st 4 hours; at 24 hours, the level was still 43% of the pretermination value. hPL fell drastically, to 14% of the basal level, within the 1st 4 hours and remained at this level for the next 18 hours. Changes at 24 hours were statistically significant for hPL, hCG, and progesterone. Thus, these 3 hormones can be considered reliable indices of outcome in cases of threatened abortion. The finding that 17 alpha-OHP falls more slowly than the other parameters suggests that it is primarily produced by the corpus luteum of pregnancy, or that the prolonged half-life of hCG maintains the corpus luteum to secrete longer.
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PMID:Changes in peripheral hormone levels after therapeutic abortion. 9 66

An overview of the sex hormones is presented. Testosterone is a natural androgen produced in the testes, adrenal glands, and ovaries. It has anabolic as well as androgenic effects. Testosterone is used to treat inoperable breast cancer and osteoporosis, and to stimulate erythropoesis. Androgens are absolutely counterindicated in cases of prostate cancer. Estrone, estradiol, and estriol are natural estrogens produced in the ovaries, placenta, testes, and adrenal glands. These hormones also influence the production of gonadotropins by the pituitary gland. Estrogens are used to treat menopausal disorders, ovarial insufficiency, estrogen-independent breast cancer, prostate cancer, and in some cases pregnancy disorders. Estrogens and progestagens are 2 components used in oral contraceptives. Progesterone, a natural progestagen, is produced by the corpus luteum. It promotes the proliferation phase of the endometrium, fertilization, and nidation, and it works to maintain pregnancy. Progesterone is used to treat spontaneous abortion, corpus luteum insufficiency, and endometrial cancer.
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PMID:[Sex hormones]. 24 26

Roles of ovarian progesterone secretion and maternal nutrition in fetal development were investigated in a species that normally experiences considerable embryonic and fetal mortality. Pregnancies were maintained in 81% of Yorkshire pigs during prolonged starvation (e.g., 40 days; 0 kcal/day, water only) in either the middle third (days 30-70) or last third (days 70-110) of gestation compared with 100% in full-fed controls (7,028 kcal/day). In spite of severe maternal deprivation, fetal survival rates averaged 65% in starved dams and 63% in controls; mean number of living fetuses was 9.9 in starved and 9.6 in control dams. Fetal growth was reduced by maternal starvation during the middle third, but not the last third of pregnancy. Placental insufficiency was the primary cause of reduced fetal growth and resulted in abortion in a few of the dams. Progesterone in peripheral serum of dams starved either during middle or late pregnancy was maintained at levels similar (P greater than 0.05) to those in controls. Abortion occurred in starved dams only when serum progesterone concentrations dropped to less than 10 ng/ml within 3 days before loss of conceptuses.
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PMID:Progesterone secretion and fetal development during prolonged starvation in the pig. 43 95

Conventional abortion procedures are associated with a 20-30% complication rate. These rates may be reduced by avoiding conventional dilation procedure and by performing abortions early in the pregnancy. Very early abortion, sometimes called menstrual regulation, satisfies both these criteria. The procedure is carried out within 14 days of the missed period. Because vacuum suction through a thin, flexible, plastic cannula rather than curretage is used to remove the contents of the uterus, the cervix need not be dilated. There are also economic benefits to this procedure. It can be done on an outpatient basis, freeing hospital beds for other use, and because most women are fully recovered within a day or two, it results in less lost-work time than conventional abortions. 250 who had very early abortions were studied. They were examined 2 weeks after the procedure and then after the first menstrual period. The overall complication rate was 4.4%. In 2.4% of the women not all the uterine contents were removed, 1.2% of women had infections, and .8% had post-operative bleeding. The most frequently used oral contraceptive pills use a combination of estrogen and progesterone. The risks associated with the use of this type of pill increase with the length of usage, age of user, and concurrent smoking by user. Most of the adverse side-effects of these pills are attributable to their estrogen content. Progesterone only pills are available, but they are less effective than the combination pills. Because women in developed societies now begin menstruating early, frequently use oral contraceptives, have only 1 or 2 children, may not breastfeed, and reach menopause late, they are exposed to higher amounts of estrogen than women were in previous times. High estrogen exposure has been linked to malignant neoplasms of estrogen-dependent tissues. The ideal contraceptive, then, would mimic the body's state during the natural anovulatory period which occurs during lactation.
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PMID:[Current technics of birth control]. 45 55

The number of young Americans initiating sexual experiences between 15 and 19 rose from 9% of the 15 year olds in 1971 to 18% in 1976. Unmarried teenagers experiencing coitus rises to 25% at age 16, 41% at age 17, 45% at age 18, and 55% at age 19. In 1976, out of a total of 3.2 million unmarried teenagers, 43% (1,385,600) used oral contraceptives and 3.4% (108,800) used an IUD. The method specific failure rate in the 1st year of exposure to risk of unintended conception showed women under 21 are much more likely to fail than older women. New methods of contraception under study include Depo-Provera, however posttreatment loss of fertility and possible long-term toxicity are problems. Steroid implants under the forearm are also being tested using the progestins norgestrienone, which lasts 1 year, and d-norgestrel, which lasts up to 5 years. In addition, the vaginal ring, a plastic ring incorporating progestins which is situated near the cervix, is also under study. The need for improving contraceptives is indicated by the high incidence of induced abortion and unwanted pregnancies. New contraceptives should take into account the reproductive behavior of adolescents including their social and economic status.
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PMID:Contraceptive use-effectiveness and the American adolescent. 45 71

Oestradiol and progesterone concentration in plasma, decidua, myometrium and placenta obtained from women undergoing Caesarian section at term and abortion at weeks 16-22 of pregnancy were determined. There was a significant increase in oestradiol concentration (per g wet wt) both in placenta, decidua and myometrium from mid-term to term. Both at mid-term and term oestradiol concentrations in decidua and myometrium were much smaller than those in the plasma (per ml). Progesterone concentration in placenta and in myometrium did not increase from mid-term to term where it increased significantly in decidua. Decidual and myometrial progesterone concentrations at mid-term were 2-3 times higher than those in plasma, but at term the concentrations in both these tissues were lower than in plasma. The ratio progesterone/oestradiol in plasma, decidua, myometrium and placenta at mid-term was 8.7, 112.2, 61.4 and 370.0, respectively, and it decreased significantly in the myometrium and placenta but was nearly unchanged in plasma and decidua at term. The general conclusion to be drawn from the present study is the lack of correspondence between the plasma concentrations and the tissue concentrations of female sex steroids during pregnancy.
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PMID:Interrelations between plasma and tissue concentrations of 17 beta-oestradiol and progesterone during human pregnancy. 53 67

Oral contraceptives have been implicated as a causative factor of venous thrombosis and thromboembolism. Compounds containing over 50 mcg of estrogen have developed this complication most frequently. Steroid hormones have a marked influence on liver function. Large doses have caused cholestasis and hepatocellular damage. Disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism have been recorded. Lipid metabolism have also been shown to be disturbed with increased serum levels of triglycerides and low density lipoproteins. A rise in the cholesterol serum level seems to be correlated with the progestogen content of the compound. The ''minipill'' with a small dose of progestogen alone had been effective by alteration of the cervical mucus. The ''one-a-month pill'' is a combination of a long-acting estrogen, quinestrol, and a chorter acting progestogen, qunigestanol acetate. It has not been as acceptable or as effective as combined compounds. The ''morning-after'' pill consists of large doses of stilbestrol. The method has been effective but when de-ethylstilbestrol has been given to a patient already pregnant to prevent an early spontaneous abortion, adenocarcinoma of the cervix or vagina has been reported. Hypertension has been more common with increased duration of pill use. High dosage of progestogens and increasing age of patients have increased the incidence of hypertension. Cerebrovascular disease had also been more frequent among pill users. An increased incidence of gallbladder disease and of gallstones has been shown in pill users. Urinary tract and vaginal infections were reported more often in pill users. Increased sexual activity may have been a factor in this relationship. Resumption of ovualation after discontinuation of oral contraceptives usually follows within 4-6 weeks. In about 1% of patients amenorrhea and anovulation result for 6 months or more. This is often accopanied by galactorrhea. There is evidence that mestranol is demethylated to ethinyl estradiol in the liver. Progesterone seems to interfere with conversion. Therefore ethinyl estradiol is preferred as a compound of the pill. Also the different progestogens used are metabolized in the liver to norethisterone before they exert their biological effects. Several drugs, as ampicillin and barbiturates, have been shown to interfere with the efficacy of oral contraceptives. It is concluded that the overall results have shown oral contraceptives to be an excellent form of contraception with minimal and acceptable side effects and the least metabolic disturbance.
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PMID:Current status of oral contraceptive. 82 61

Estradiol, progesterone, and hydrocortisone were measured by radioimmunoassay in peripheral serum of pregnant ewes infected with Listeria monocytogenes type 5 and in normal pregnant controls. Progesterone had decreased in both groups at abortion or parturition. Estradiol and hydrocortisone of control ewes had increased at parturition. In infected ewes, the serum hydrocortisone value was high for 3 days after inoculation, but it returned to preinoculation levels for the remainder of gestation. Serum concentrations of hydrocortisone did not change, and estradiol values increased slightly at abortion by infected ewes.
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PMID:Serum levels of progesterone, estradiol, and hydrocortisone in ewes after abortion due to Listeria monocytogenes type 5. 82 62

Plasma levels of progesterone were measured during the luteal phase in 10 of 15 women with clinical histories of at least three spontaneous abortions in the last three gestations, and in 15 healthy nonpregnant women during the same phase of the ovarian cycle. Progesterone values found in the women with habitual abortion were lower (P less than 0.05-0.005) than in the nonpregnant group almost throughout the period of observation. The habitually aborting women who became pregnant again aborted between the seventh and 12th weeks. Their progesterone concentrations were less than 6 ng/ml, 48-72 hours before vaginal bleeding or abortion. These values were compared with those found during the first 12 weeks in normal pregnancy (P less than 0.001). The results suggest a useful method of evaluating the treatment of habitual abortion.
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PMID:Direct evidence of luteal insufficiency in women with habitual abortion. 86 34

The changes in unconjugated estradiol-17beta and estriol, progesterone and chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) in peripheral plasma have been studied in 18 women at 30-minute intervals following intra-uterine prostaglandin E2 administration for therapeutic termination of second trimester pregnancy. The hormonal changes were related to the time of fetal death detected by the disappearance of fetal heart pulsations. Prostaglandin E2 was given by the intra-amniotic route with urea (5 patients) or with intravenous oxytocin (5 patients), or by the extra-amniotic route with intravenous oxytocin (8 patients). Fetal death occurred rapidly with intra-amniotic PGE2, but usually at a late stage with extra-amniotic PGE2. Three fetuses in the extra-amniotic group died at or just before abortion. A variety of fetal heart changes were noted and the time of fetal death did not appear to influence the time of abortion within each treatment subgroup. Estradiol and estriol showed a sligh but persistent fall over 24 hours prior to induction of abortion. A more rapid fall usually occurred after induction, with a consistent fall around the time of fetal death. Progesterone and HCS usually fell much less before and immediately after fetal death. A marked rise in estradiol sometimes occurred before fetal death, particularly in the intraamniotic PGE2 and urea subgroup. Estriol levels declined more rapidly before than after fetal death, whereas fetal death had less consistent effects on the other hormones. All hormones had usually fallen considerably at the time of abortion, and in some individuals marked fluctuations in hormone levels were seen.
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PMID:Hormone changes in relation to the time of fetal death after prostaglandin-induced abortion. 88 4


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