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Continuous visibility monitoring has been carried out in Kwangju, Korea since May 1999. The total light extinction coefficient bext measured by a transmissometer and reveals seasonal trends in urban visual air quality, especially under hazy conditions with a visual range of less than 15 km. Seasonal atmospheric visibility under low relative humidity during the winter was observed to be better than during any other seasons. Summertime visibility was severely degraded due to highly increased light scattering by hygroscopic particles under high humidity atmospheric conditions. Visibility during spring and fall was also moderate. However, yellow sand in spring caused the lowest visibility conditions over the measurement area for a few days. With continuous monitoring using the transmissometer, the daily average seasonal visual range was measured to be 13.1, 9.2, 11.0, and 13.9 km in spring, summer, fall and winter, respectively. Under the atmospheric humidity condition less than 60%, visual range was observed to be 16.1, 13.9, 15.1, and 16.6 km in spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively. The mean light extinction budget by sulfate and nitrate aerosols was determined to be the highest value of 63.71% during the summer and the lowest value of 27.08% during spring. During the 'yellow sand dust' period, a mean light extinction budget by soil particles was estimated to be at an unusually high value of 44.22%.
Environ Monit Assess 2001 Jul
PMID:Seasonal characteristics of haze observed by continuous visibility monitoring in the urban atmosphere of Kwangju, Korea. 1151 19

Water taken from the Crestuma-Lever dam on the Douro River was evaluated considering the Portuguese Decree-law no. 236/98 of 1st August, 1998. This paper presents the metrological characteristics, validation of analytical methodologies and the data obtained from seasonal samplings. The test parameters selected are: temperature, pH, chloride, conductivity, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, hardness, oxidability, dissolved oxygen, BOD5, total suspended solids, sulfide, phosphate, silica, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper and zinc. From data analysis we can conclude that the water presented the following characteristics: a pH situated in the neutral zone; a median mineralization; a medium hardness; well oxygenated water; and a carbonate hardness exclusively due to bicarbonates. The temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, chlorides, sulfates, copper, zinc and BOD5 were compared with the legal limits presented in annexes XXI and I of Decree-law 236/98. The results relating to total hardness, nitrites, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, aluminium, sulfides and oxidability were compared with the legal values in annex VI as there are no limits relating to these parameters in annexes XXI and I.
J Environ Monit 2001 Aug
PMID:Chemical monitoring and evaluation of the water quality of the Douro River at the Crestuma-Lever dam. 1152 37

A data set reporting temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen as ammonia, nitrite and nitrate, silicate, chlorophyll a and phaeopigment values, determined in seawaters sampled during two years with a monthly frequency in 16 stations in the Gulf of Trieste, and at different depths of the water column, has been studied. In order to find synthetic descriptors useful for following the spatial and temporal variations of biogeochemical phenomena occurring in the considered ecosystem, the data set has been factorized using principal component analysis. A graphical display of scores, by means of boxplots and biplots, helped in the interpretation of the data set. The first factor conditioning the system is related to the input of freshwater from the estuary of the Isonzo River and to the stratification of the seawater (thermohaline discontinuity), while the second and third components describe interactions between biological activity, nutrients and physicochemical parameters; typical spring and autumn phytoplankton blooms were identified, in addition to an exceptional winter bloom conditioned by anomalous meteorological/climatic conditions. The fourth principal component explains the reducing activity of seawaters, which often increases when the decomposition of organic matter is relevant. The simple linear model proposed, and the related graphs, are shown to be useful tools for monitoring the main features of such a complex dynamic environmental system. The outlined approach to the considered complex data structure presents in a cognitive easy way (graphical outputs) the significant variations of the data, and allows for a detailed interpretation of the results of the monitoring campaign. Temporal and spatial effects are outlined, as well as those related to the depth in the water column.
J Environ Monit 1999 Feb
PMID:Survey of environmental complex systems: pattern recognition of physicochemical data describing coastal water quality in the Gulf of Trieste. 1152 83

The effects of carbonate on uranium (VI) solubility under aerobic and cementitious conditions have been investigated. The information is of relevance to low level nuclear waste disposal. Aqueous NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 and a cement leachate solution were added to uranyl nitrate solution. Afterwards, increasing amounts of ammonium carbonate were added to re-dissolve the precipitates. The precipitates were characterised by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) measurements and modelling studies. The model calculations were performed using the MINTEQA2 speciation code, with an expanded database incorporating uranium stability constants taken from the HATCHES database. The measured and predicted amounts of CO3(2-) needed to dissolve the precipitates were compared. The knowledge gained from the 'pure' systems was used to rationalise the precipitation and re-dissolution behaviour observed in the leachate system. The lack of uranium solubility at low carbonate levels brought into question literature formation constants for UO2(OH)3- and UO2(OH)4(2-). An approximate log K value of 26.8 for K2U2O7 formation was estimated from the KOH results at pH 12. Generally, uranium solubilities are expected to be insignificant at low level nuclear waste sites because anaerobic conditions should persist. However, this study has demonstrated that solubility in leachate could rise at high pH and high carbonate levels, if aerobic conditions were to develop. Soluble U(VI) species would be formed. The novel part of the study has been to reproduce the effects and to correlate enhanced solubilities with model predictions. Consequently, the study has re-emphasised the need for appropriate environmental monitoring of such sites.
J Environ Monit 1999 Apr
PMID:Carbonate induced dissolution of uranium containing precipitates under cement leachate conditions. 1152 97

In this study, glycerol was tested as a collection substrate for passive bioaerosol sampling. Filters (mixed cellulose acetate and nitrate) were soaked in glycerol and exposed for an aerosol from three different fungal species: Penicillum commune, Aspergillus versicolor and Paecilomyces variotii. The passive sampling method was compared with a closed-face polycarbonate filter sampling method. Exposure was performed in an exposure chamber. The total number of spores was determined by microscopic techniques, and the cultivable number was determined by cultivation on Malt Extract Agar dishes. The glycerol soaked filter demonstrated a good correlation with the closed-face sampler with regard to the total count. Spores stored in a pumped filter cassette were not affected by storage for up to 7 days. On the other hand, the culturability of the spores was markedly decreased after 1 day when stored on glycerol soaked filters.
J Environ Monit 1999 Aug
PMID:Air sampling of fungal spores on filters. An investigation on passive sampling and viability. 1152 37

Personal monitoring methods for the determination of hourly integrated concentrations of NO2 and SO2 in ambient air have been developed. Triethanolamine (TEA)-impregnated C18 Sep-Pak cartridges were used to collect NO2 and SO2 simultaneously. After sampling, NO2 and SO2 as their nitrite, nitrate, sulfite and sulfate analogues were stripped from the cartridges with a solution of 5% methanol in distilled, deionized water (DDW) and then determined by ion chromatography. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the sampling rate, collection and recovery efficiencies, breakthrough volumes, absorption capacity, interference and sample stability on the cartridge during storage. NO2 and SO2 detection limits of 0.3 and 0.4 ppb respectively for 1 h samples were obtained. Recoveries for both NO2 and SO2 exceeded 85%.
J Environ Monit 1999 Oct
PMID:Development of a personal monitoring method for nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide with Sep-Pak C18 cartridge sampling and ion chromatographic determination. 1152 58

Bulk precipitation samples at Mumbai (India) were collected during the monsoon seasons of 1991 to 1996 and analysed for ionic concentrations using an Ion Chromatograph DIONEX model 100. The variability of sulphate to nitrate ratio in rainwater fluctuates in a wide range from 1.5 to 20 and governed by the sulphate concentrations in the sample. The regression analysis of the data reveals that in the bulk precipitation at Mumbai, SO4(2-) is becoming increasingly important relative to NO3-. The role of meteorological influences on scavenging of air pollutants by rain water has been tried to explain the phenomena. The computed wet deposition rates for S and N during 1991-1996 show that the S deposition is higher than N in all the years. There is a wide fluctuation in deposition rates of S ranging from 2 to 55 kg km2 per annum.
Environ Monit Assess 2001 Oct
PMID:Analysis of wet precipitation of air pollutants in Mumbai (India). 1168 32

The article presents the results of chemical and microbiological measurements of the water quality in the Busko Blato reservoir, the largest in Europe, in the period 1989 to 1998. The aim was to observe possible changes in water quality during the past decade and its influence on the downstream section of the Cetina River and its numerous tributaries and reservoirs, where there are two large regional water supply systems. This reservoir was built in order to exploit the high hydroelectric potential of small streamflows in the karst fields of south-western Bosnia. It has strongly influenced the hydrologic conditions of the downstream section of the Cetina River. Busko Blato is a relatively shallow reservoir with the mean depth of 5 m. It covers an area of 57 km2. The water exchange in the reservoir is slow, occurring from one to several years. When the water inflow exceeds the hydroelectric plant demands the excess water is delivered by a reversible channel and pre-pumped into the Busko Blato reservoir. The total and carbonate water hardness in the reservoir is lower than in the Cetina River and in typical karst streamflows, since the water in this reservoir comes mainly from surface sources including numerous springs with high capacity oscillations, torrents and rainfall. Measurements, carried out during the past years, showed a significant increase in nitrate content as well as in the coli bacteria and a less significant increase in total phosphorus content. The water quality was evaluated as mezotrophic according to the total phosphorus content based on the Carlson index of trophic level, a lower quality than in the Peruca reservoir, upstream on the Cetina River. The latter contains a smaller phosphorus content and was classed between oligotrophic and mezotrophic. According to these data, employing the Vollenweider equation, the total phosphorus content in this water should not exceed the mean of 20 mg m(-3) P. The results indicate that the water in the Busko Blato reservoir did not deteriorate the water quality on the downstream section of the Cetina River.
Environ Monit Assess 2001 Oct
PMID:The quality of water in the Busko Blato reservoir. 1168 33

Precipitation samples were collected as wet-fall only and primarily on event basis in Delhi during the monsoon period of 1995. Concentrations of major anions (SO4(2-), NO3- and Cl-) and cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) were determined. The pH of the rain water was found to be more than 5.6, showing alkalinity during the early phase of monsoon, but during the late phase of monsoon pH tendency was towards acidity due to lack of proper neutralization of acidic ions. Neutralization is not only due to the local process but also due to the pre-monsoon 'Andhi' which brings Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) containing Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ as well as the local emission of NH3. In the late monsoon the concentration of cations gets reduced because of heavy rainfall and relatively unfavourable condition for their transport from the adjoining areas, whereas the anion concentrations remain unchanged owing to their continuous emission.
Environ Monit Assess 2001 Oct
PMID:Occurrence of acid rain over Delhi. 1168 98

The objective of this study is to decide if chemical concentrations measured during 1988-1997 in precipitation by the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN) indicate changes in the annual patterns. The inference is based on SO4, NO3, Cl, NH4, Na, Ca and K concentrations monitored daily with the rain water acidity pH. By pattern is understood the probability distribution of the annual sample at a particular location. Most of the annual data can be well described by means of a linear regression model with second order polynomial trend and autocorrelated noise. Statistical analysis based on the model shows luck of systematic significant year to year increases or declines of the concentrations.
Environ Monit Assess 2001 Nov
PMID:A statistical assessment of changes in precipitation chemistry at CAPMoN sites, Canada. Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network. 1169 52


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