Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: DrugBank:APRD00345 (ICI)
 5,388 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The oral clearance of 4 chlorhexidine (CH) preparations was investigated. Two 0.2% CH-solutions, Plak-Out liquid, a 10% alcoholic CH-solution and an aqueous ICI-Hibitane solution were compared with two chlorhexidine gels, Corsodyl gel (0.1%) and a test CH-gel (1.0%) prepared in this laboratory. Thirty subjects, 17 to 57 years of age and exhibiting a variety of oral hygiene conditions, participated in supervised rinsing with CH-solutions and toothbrushing with gels carried out at weekly intervals to eliminate carry-over effects. Mixed saliva samples were taken 7.5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes following each administration and were analysed spectrophotometrically. The relative oral CH-retention values were for Plak-Out liquid 91%, aqueous Hibitane solution 69%, Corsodyl gel 46% and with the laboratory chlorhexidine gel 37%.
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PMID:The oral clearance of chlorhexidine solutions and gels. 27 20

The aim of the study was to determine the range of the antimicrobial effect of Hibitane Dental Gel (ICI, Macclesfield, England), containing 1% chlorhexidine, when used as a dentifrice while brushing. A standard toothpaste with no claim for antibacterial activity (Pepsodent) was used as a control. Twenty-four dental students brushed their teeth during two 4-day periods using the closed mouth technique, i.e. they kept their teeth tightly clenched and brushed only the facial tooth surfaces twice daily. Before and after each test period the lingual and linguomesial surfaces of the mandibular teeth were scored for clearly visible plaque. The facially applied chlorhexidine gel had no more effect on plaque growth lingually than the standard toothpaste which was used as control. The lack of effect of the gel was suggested to be due to an insufficient spread and penetration capacity of its antimicrobial component.
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PMID:Intraoral spread of the antimicrobial effect of a chlorhexidine gel. 106 7

This study has assessed the durability of four brands of latex gloves, Ansell Medical 'Medi-Grip', Regent 'Biogel D', Surgikos 'Microtouch' and the London Rubber Company 'Supreme', under conditions of repeated washing and re-use in a clinical dental setting. The microbiological effectiveness of 'Hibiscrub' as a decontaminating washing agent was examined simultaneously. Examination by an electrical test for micropunctures in 200 unused gloves of each brand revealed such defects in 6(3%) of Ansell 'Medi-Grip', 3(1.5%) of 'Biogel D', 14(7%) of Surgikos 'Microtouch' and 2(1%) of LRC 'Supreme' gloves. Following repeated clinical use, micropunctures were detected in 18% of Ansell 'Medi-Grip', 10% of 'Biogel D', 75% of Surgikos 'Microtouch' and 56% of LRC 'Supreme'. Microorganisms were isolated from the glove surfaces after 45% of the occasions on which the gloves were washed for 1 min in 'Hibiscrub' (ICI Dental). Eighty-five per cent of these isolates were environmental organisms, but oral streptococci were isolated from 8.4% of the pairs of gloves examined. The high rate of micropuncture development following repeated washing and re-use of latex gloves indicates that they cannot effectively perform their barrier function under such conditions. The microbiological data have also revealed the potential for cross-infection between patients through inadequate decontamination of glove surfaces. For operative dental surgery, the results suggest that heavier, surgical type gloves are to be preferred, and that multiple use of any glove type should be discouraged.
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PMID:A clinical evaluation of glove washing and re-use in dental practice. 134 70

Chlorhexidine (Hibiscrub; ICI) is generally accepted to be effective as an antiseptic hand wash for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), but there is dispute whether the chlorhexidine MIC for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains is higher than that for MSSA strains and, indeed, whether it is relevant. In addition, the link between resistance to chlorhexidine, gentamicin, and "nucleic acid-binding" compounds (NAB; which code, in particular, for propamidine isethionate and ethidium bromide) requires clarification. We performed chlorhexidine MIC and rate of kill tests on a number of MSSA and MRSA isolates. Two gentamicin-resistant MRSA isolates without NAB plasmids were more susceptible (0.25 and 0.5 microgram/ml) than four of eight MSSA that we tested (range, 0.25 to 2 microgram/ml). Chlorhexidine MICs were higher (4 to 8 micrograms/ml) for seven distinct MRSA isolates with plasmids conveying resistance to gentamicin and NAB (GNAB). Curing of the GNAB plasmid from MRSA strains resulted in a fall in the MIC (1 to 3.3 micrograms/ml), but no consistent fall in killing by chlorhexidine was observed. No effect on the chlorhexidine MIC or killing was observed when we cured strains of methicillin resistance. GNAB plasmid transfer resulted in a rise in the chlorhexidine MIC for the strains but not consistent fall in killing by chlorhexidine. Ethical approval was granted for 10 volunteers to each have a methicillin-susceptible, GNAB-resistant, derived transcipient and its GNAB-susceptible isogenic parent applied to separate sites in an in vivo skin test; no significant difference was seen in survival rates after the application of chlorhexidine. These results suggest that chlorhexidine appears to be as effective as a hand-washing agent for MRSA isolates with or with out NAB plasmids as it is for MSSA isolates.
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PMID:Chlorhexidine resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or just an elevated MIC? An in vitro and in vivo assessment. 175 20

Chlorhexidine in spirit is used to reduce the skin bacterial load before surgery; and recently prewashing with chlorhexidine scrub has been advocated. We describe three studies on cardio-thoracic surgical patients--particularly those having coronary artery grafts with long leg and sternal wounds. Two studies compared prewashes with chlorhexidine scrub (Hibiscrub-ICI) or soap. Study Number One (250 patients per group) was of wound infections; and Number Two (25 patients per group) was of alterations in skin flora for 10 days postoperation. Chlorhexidine scrub failed to reduce overall wound infection rates in Study 1, although leg wounds healed more quickly with less inflammation. Study Two showed that the scrub had a significant effect on skin flora that lasted at least 3 days postoperation. Study Number Three was of 100 patients (no chlorhexidine scrub) examined for methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRSE) by cultures of swabs from the leg, sternum and chest drain site before and after operation on methicillin agar. Three per cent of patients had MRSE preoperation (1 doctor) and 23% postoperation. One thousand strains were tested by agar dilution against methicillin and chlorhexidine. MRSE had a 2-8-fold increased resistance to chlorhexidine compared to a greater than 256-fold to methicillin. Thus although chlorhexidine has a marked persistent effect on skin flora, emergence of major resistance is unlikely. Use of postoperative chlorhexidine should be investigated further.
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PMID:Studies on perioperative skin flora. 289

An experimental study was designed for assessement of whether two recently marketed flavored chlorhexidine mouthrinses, Hibitane Dental (ICI) and Plak-Out (Hawe), have a good plaque-inhibiting effect as the 0.2% aqueous solution of chlorhexidine gluconate. Thirteen dental students used in different sequences each one of the three rinses fro 1 week by rinsing twice daily for 1 min. During the rinsing periods no other oral hygiene measures were allowed. Between two rinsing periods the subjects cleaned their teeth mechanically for 1 week. At the start of each test and control period, the teeth were professionally cleaned with rubber cups and an abrasive paste. At the end of the five 1-week periods the mesial, lingual and facial aspects of the teeth in the right halves of the jaws of each participant were scored for the Plaque Index by the same investigator. After the mechanical cleaning, higher PII scores were recorded than after the chlorhexidine rinses. No difference could be observed among the PII scores after rinsing with the aqueous or the two flavored chlorhexidine solutions.
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PMID:Plaque-inhibiting effect of two flavored chlorhexidine mouth rinses. 701 68

A double-blind, randomised, 4-week clinical trial with parallel group design in 57 patients with gingivitis was conducted for studying the antibacterial efficacy and safety of a delmopinol HCl aqueous solution 2 mg/ml (0.2% w/v), which was used for unsupervised mouth-rinsing and compared with placebo and chlorhexidine digluconate 2 mg/ml (0.2% w/v, Hibitane Dental, ICI Pharmaceuticals, UK). The plaque index and plaque wet weight were used to measure plaque formation, and gingival fluid flow and bleeding on probing to measure gingivitis. According to the reduction from baseline, chlorhexidine showed a significantly better effect on plaque formation than the placebo after 4 weeks treatment for both plaque measurements. Delmopinol exhibited significantly lower plaque index scores than placebo. The difference between chlorhexidine and delmopinol was not statistically significant for any of the plaque measurements. For gingivitis, no statistically significant differences were obtained between the effects of delmopinol, chlorhexidine and placebo. A transient anaesthetic sensation in the oral mucosa was experienced more clearly by the patients in the delmopinol group than by those using chlorhexidine or placebo rinses. Rinsing with chlorhexidine resulted in more staining of the teeth and tongue than did delmopinol and placebo. The placebo solution tasted better than the 2 active solutions. The results showed that rinsing with either delmopinol HCl aqueous solution 2 mg/ml or chlorhexidine digluconate 2 mg/ml 2x daily for 60 as a supplement to normal oral hygiene, following an initial professional tooth cleaning, leads to a lower plaque formation than rinsing with placebo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Plaque formation and gingivitis after mouthrinsing with 0.2% delmopinol hydrochloride, 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate and placebo for 4 weeks, following an initial professional tooth cleaning. 756 Feb 36

Orthopaedic surgeons in many major arthroplasty centres advocate the use of a prolonged surgical hand-scrub prior to total joint replacement. In this study we evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of a 5 compared with a 10 min scrub before both long (> 90 min) and short (< 90 min) operations for total hip arthroplasty. Surgical hand disinfection was performed on one occasion for 5 min and on a second for 10 min by 41 surgeons and theatre nurses using 4% chlorhexidine gluconate as a detergent formulation ('Hibiscrub', ICI Pharmaceuticals). None of the subjects had previously scrubbed on the day of each test. Bacterial colony counts on the fingers were measured using the method described by Rotter (vide infra) before scrubbing, immediately after scrubbing, and at the end of each operation. Our results showed that for arthroplasty procedures lasting less than 90 min (35 operations) a 5 min hand-scrub was equally as effective as one of 10 min. However, following longer procedures (36 operations) colony counts were significantly higher on subjects who had scrubbed for 10 min than on those who only scrubbed for 5 (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U-Test). This study suggests that the practice of a prolonged scrub before total joint replacement does not have a scientific basis and that such a policy should be discontinued where it is still practised.
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PMID:Evaluation of the optimal hand-scrub duration prior to total hip arthroplasty. 791 Nov 53

The aim of this study was to establish whether long-term use of chlorhexidine would prevent skin colonization by antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Ten nurses, working on a ward for haematological disorders, volunteered to participate in the test. They washed one arm every morning for three weeks with chlorhexidine gluconate, ('Hibiscrub' ICI Pharmaceuticals). The other arm served as a negative control. Samples from the antecubital fossa of both arms were taken two to three times a week during the wash period and two weeks thereafter, giving a total of 216 samples. The appearance of resistant S. epidermidis with different antibiograms was analysed. During the wash period the total bacterial counts and the counts of the resistant S. epidermidis strains on the test arm were both about one-tenth of those on the control arm, a significant difference (P < 0.05). Moreover, there were significantly fewer resistant S. epidermidis on the test arm, 1.3 per sample, than on the control arm, 2.5 per sample (P < 0.01). Most of the resistant S. epidermidis were only found once or a few times on the same site, after which they disappeared, though a few persisted on the skin even during 'Hibiscrub' washing. In an agar dilution test, chlorhexidine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of persisting strains were the same as for strains disappearing from the skin following 'Hibiscrub' washing, 1.0 or 2.0 mg l-1, but somewhat higher than MICs of strains isolated from healthy carriers outside the hospital whose MICs were 0.5 mg l-1. The relative contribution to the skin counts by those S. epidermidis strains found only occasionally were compared with those found repeatedly but no difference in reduction was found between these categories during 'Hibiscrub' washing.
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PMID:Daily scrub with chlorhexidine reduces skin colonization by antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. 810 Dec 2

A double-blind, randomised, 6-month clinical trial with parallel group design in 149 patients with gingivitis was conducted to study the efficacy and safety of delmopinol hydrochloride 2 mg/ml (0.2% w/v, Decapinol Mouthwash) used for partly supervised mouthrinsing in comparison with chlorhexidine digluconate 2 mg/ml (0.2% w/v, Hibitane Dental, ICI Pharmaceuticals, UK) and placebo as an addition to normal oral hygiene. Assessments of efficacy were performed using the plaque index and bleeding on probing (BOP). Delmopinol showed 22% lower plaque index scores than placebo after 3 months (p<0.01) and 13% lower scores after 6 months. The corresponding figures for chlorhexidine were 38% (p<0.001) and 38% (p<0.001) after 3 and 6 months, respectively. Bleeding on probing was reduced for delmopinol in comparison with placebo by 11% after 3 months and by 18% (p<0.05) after 6 months. For chlorhexidine the corresponding figures were 18% (p<0.01) and 22% (p<0.01) after 3 and 6 months, respectively. While chlorhexidine showed greater plaque reduction than delmopinol (p<0.01 at 6 months), no statistically significant difference was reached between these two solutions regarding BOP. Both active solutions showed an increased amount of dental calculus in comparison with placebo. A transient anaesthetic sensation in the oral mucosa and taste affection were commonly reported adverse events in both the delmopinol and the chlorhexidine groups. The number of patients withdrawn from treatment due to adverse events or lack of cooperation was 7 in the chlorhexidine group, 4 in the placebo group and 1 in the delmopinol group. The results showed that rinsing with either 0.2% delmopinol hydrochloride or 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate twice daily for 60 secs for 6 months results in less plaque formation and gingivitis than rinsing with placebo. Mouthrinsing with the 0.2% delmopinol hydrochloride solution was well accepted in this study.
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PMID:6-month use of 0.2% delmopinol hydrochloride in comparison with 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate and placebo. (I). Effect on plaque formation and gingivitis. 976 30


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