Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: DrugBank:APRD00216 (ABC)
 8,859 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of neuropeptide nerves and inflammatory leukocytes in PVG rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive nerves and inflammatory leukocytes were studied, using peroxidase (ABC) and/or alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) staining. Inflamed synovial tissue proper was infiltrated with neutrophils, ED1 macrophages and focal accumulations of CD2 T lymphocytes. In such tissue, the relationship between peptide-immunoreactive nerves and inflammatory cells was such that substance P and CGRP nerves were absent in heavily infiltrated villous synovial tissue, whereas healthy synovial tissue and non-inflammatory areas in adjuvant arthritic rats were innervated by substance P and CGRP nerves close to normal synovial tissue resident cells. In order to elucidate an eventual mechanism for lost immunoreactivity, healthy synovial tissue was exposed to chymotrypsin or oxygen derived free radicals (ODFR) in vitro. The former treatment caused total loss of immunoreactivity. These findings suggest that neuropeptides and neuropeptide containing nerves may be destroyed by locally produced proteolytic enzymes and various reactive oxygen species in the vicinity of inflammatory cells.
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PMID:Relationship between neuropeptide immunoreactive nerves and inflammatory cells in adjuvant arthritic rats. 137 4

Trauma during pregnancy is a unique situation. Understanding injury patterns, anatomic and physiologic changes, and the initial approach to resuscitation is essential for all emergency nurses. Maternal resuscitation is the only means of fetal resuscitation. Meticulous attention must be given to the ABC's, with some minor modifications. Cervical spine immobilization is done in conjunction with positioning on the left side. Oxygen is used liberally, but may not benefit the fetus if hypovolemia exists. IV access and aggressive fluid resuscitation should proceed quickly. Diagnostic testing, including radiologic evaluation, is performed as necessary--the mother's life must not be jeopardized on the basis of fetal risk. Continuous fetal monitoring should be instituted, even with seemingly minor injuries. In the rare event of maternal arrest, a postmortem cesarean section may be lifesaving for the infant. Policies should be formulated jointly by ED, obstetric, and neonatal staffs in advance to speed this difficult decision-making process. The keys to survival, for both mother and infant, are an organized approach to resuscitation and teamwork among all professionals.
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PMID:Trauma in pregnancy: uterine rupture. 192 Oct 64

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a 'scavenger' enzyme which catalyses the dismutation (reduction-oxidation) of the superoxide anion (O2-.), a toxic free radical generated during normal cellular respiration. Light microscopy employing immunohistochemistry was utilized for localizing SOD activity in the chick epiphyseal cartilage. Antibodies to mammalian liver CuZn-SOD were prepared and the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique (ABC complex) was utilized to localize activity for this enzyme in the growth plate cartilage. The localization of enzyme activity varied in accordance with the characteristic zonation pattern of the growth plate (zone of proliferation, zone of maturation, zone of cell hypertrophy and zone of matrix calcification). In the upper regions of the epiphyseal cartilage (the zones of proliferation and maturation), where the vascularity is poor and the oxygen tension low, SOD activity was localized within the chondrocytes. No extracellular activity was observed. However, in the lower regions of the growth plate (the zones of cell hypertrophy and matrix calcification), where both the vascularity and the oxygen tensions are increased, SOD activity was intense in both the chondrocytes and the surrounding extracellular matrix. Thus, the distribution of SOD enzyme activity in this tissue seems to vary in accordance with the level of oxygen present. The significance of the extracellular SOD activity, seen in the lower aspects of the growth plate cartilage, may indicate the sensitivity of matrix components, especially collagen, to toxic free radicals such as the superoxide anion.
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PMID:The immunohistochemical localization of superoxide dismutase activity in the avian epithelial growth plate. 277 35

The parameters of ABC, blood gases, content of nonorganic phosphorus, 2,3 DPG and ATP in erythrocytes were studied in 161 patients with diffuse peritonitis during the early postoperative period. Considerable alterations of the oxygen transport function of blood in these patients were found. The use of Obzidan and monosubstituted potassium phosphate prevents a decrease of nonorganic phosphorus, 2,3 DPG and ATP in erythrocytes, improves the oxygen supply of the organism. The time of treatment is shorter.
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PMID:[Use of obsidan and potassium phosphate for correction of the oxygen transport function of the blood in peritonitis]. 345 48

Allergic and pseudoallergic reactions can be associated with all drug classes used in dental practice. A thorough medical history is essential to avoid challenging a patient with an agent for which they have proven intolerance. Despite this precaution, the dentist must be prepared to manage an immediate reaction, should it occur. In all cases, management should begin with standard ABC assessment and oxygen supplementation. The administration of either diphenhydramine or epinephrine is predicated on the severity of the reaction. Suggestions regarding dosages and routes of administration are summarized in Table 4. The duration of action for epinephrine is relatively brief (10 to 30 minutes), and dosages may need to be repeated if symptoms recur. Following stabilization, patients who have experienced anaphylactoid reactions should be transported by EMS to the closest emergency room for definitive management. A treatment algorithm summarizing management of allergic reactions is presented in Figure 1.
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PMID:Management of immediate allergic reactions. 755 91

During photosynthesis, the photosystem II (PSII) pigment-protein complex catalyzes oxygen evolution, a reaction in which a four-manganese ensemble plays a crucial role. Using a newly developed selection scheme, we have isolated BP13, a random photosynthesis-deficient mutant strain of the cyanobacterium, Synechocystis 6803. This mutant grew slowly under photoautotrophic conditions, and had a low oxygen evolution activity. Biochemical analysis revealed that the lesion in this mutant strain had specifically affected the Mn ensemble in PSII. Interestingly, incubation of BP13 cells with micromolar levels of added Mn induced rapid recovery of oxygen evolution activity. The mutant could be complemented with a fragment of wild-type chromosomal DNA containing three closely linked genes, mntA, mntB and mntC. These gene products showed significant sequence similarities with polypeptide components of bacterial permeases that are members of the 'ABC (ATP binding cassette) superfamily' of transporter proteins. We determined that in the BP13 strain, a single nucleotide change had resulted in the replacement of an alanine by an aspartic acid residue in MntA, a soluble protein containing ATP binding motifs. These results suggest that the mntCAB gene cluster encodes polypeptide components of a Mn transporter, the first such protein complex identified in any organism.
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PMID:Molecular identification of an ABC transporter complex for manganese: analysis of a cyanobacterial mutant strain impaired in the photosynthetic oxygen evolution process. 774 91

Random tissue sections of placentae from control and diabetic deliveries were analysed stereologically. The aim was to test whether or not adaptations in oxygen diffusive conductances occur to help compensate for fetal hypoxic stress in utero. Organs were from 34 control and 55 diabetic deliveries (39 from White's classes A, B, C and 16 from classes D, F/R) arranged in two major groups (ABC and DFR). Tissue samples were fixed in formalin and processed for wax histology. Stereological and physicochemical quantities were used to calculate the partial conductances of six tissue layers, viz. maternal erythrocytes and plasma, villous trophoblast, villous stroma, fetal plasma and fetal erythrocytes. From partial conductances and birthweights, total and specific conductances for each placenta were determined. No differences were detected between diabetic placentae in different classes (A, B, C, D, F/R). However, both the ABC and DFR groups of diabetic placentae had higher total diffusive conductances than control organs. The increase was in the order of 7-25% and persisted even when adjustments were made for apparent differences in birthweights. The principal contributors to these changes were the post-trophoblastic (fetally located) tissue layers. These findings suggest that the diabetic placenta adapts to facilitate the diffusion of oxygen across the placenta and, thereby, to assist the hypoxic fetus.
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PMID:Oxygen diffusive conductance in placentae from control and diabetic women. 824 76

Three methods of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were compared in respect of therapeutic effect in 69 attacks of endogenous depression in 65 patients, not previously treated by ECT during the actual period of illness. The treatments were given under barbiturate narcosis, with full muscular relaxation, administration of oxygen and electroencephalographic recording of the seizure discharge. In two methods grand mal seizures were evoked by supraliminal (A) and liminal stimulation (B), in the third (C) lidocaine (3 mg/kg i.v.) was given before the application of liminal stimulation. The seizure discharges in C were markedly shortened and their pattern modified, while between A and B the duration and pattern of the seizures were similar (Table 1). The patients were referred to the three treatments at random and the groups may be regarded as having a similar prognosis (Table 2-5, 7). The therapeutic outcome was estimated by rating several depressive symptoms according to a rating scale worked out for the purpose. The rating was performed before treatment, one week after the fourth treatment (a treatment pause was then made) and one week after the completed series. To obtain more reliable measures the scores for the various symptoms were added together to form a total score, which was then divided into a depression score and a retardation score, presumably measuring mainly depressive mood and psychomotor retardation. Differences in rating scores on two rating occasions were taken as measures of improvement. In addition, a global rating of improvement was made. The rating procedure was double blind. The principal results were: 1. After four treatments (three patients who recovered after three treatments included) the degree of improvement was in the rank order ABC with significant group differences for a few scores. After the completed series of treatments improvement in groups A and B did not differ significantly whereas in group C it was significantly smaller for some scores (Table 9). 2. The total number of treatments was significantly higher in group C than in group A and B, which did not differ significantly between themselves (Table 10). 3. A measure of therapeutic efficiency, improvement per treatment, was computed by dividing the degree of improvement as obtained from the differences in the combined scores and from the global score of improvement, by the number of treatments. After four treatments the improvement per treatment was highest in group A and lowest in group C, although in the comparisons AB and BC most differences did not reach significance. After the completed series the improvement per treatment did not differ significantly in groups A and B whereas in group C it was significantly less (Table 10). 4. In comparison with groups A and B, the total duration of seizure discharges was significantly shorter in group C both after four treatments and, in spite of the higher number of treatments, after the completed series. The improvement per second of seizure discharge was not significantly different in the groups although there was a tendency to a lower effect per second in group B (Table 11). It is concluded from these results that shortening of the seizure discharge decreases the therapeutic efficiency of ECT. Increase of the stimulus intensity, which apparently does not change the seizure discharge, possibly gives a more rapid therapeutic response but does not change the final degree of improvement or the number of treatments required to reach it. The depression-relieving effect of ECT is bound to seizure activity and not, or only slightly, to other effects of electrical stimulation.
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PMID:Experimental studies of the therapeutic action of electroconvulsive therapy in endogenous depression. The role of the electrical stimulation and of the seizure studied by variation of stimulus intensity and modification by lidocaine of seizure discharge. 887 6

In this chapter we report on the molecular biology of crystalline surface layers of different bacterial groups. The limited information indicates that there are many variations on a common theme. Sequence variety, antigenic diversity, gene expression, rearrangements, influence of environmental factors and applied aspects are addressed. There is considerable variety in the S-layer composition, which was elucidated by sequence analysis of the corresponding genes. In Corynebacterium glutamicum one major cell wall protein is responsible for the formation of a highly ordered, hexagonal array. In contrast, two abundant surface proteins from the S-layer of Bacillus anthracis. Each protein possesses three S-layer homology motifs and one protein could be a virulence factor. The antigenic diversity and ABC transporters are important features, which have been studied in methanogenic archaea. The expression of the S-layer components is controlled by three genes in the case of Thermus thermophilus. One has repressor activity on the S-layer gene promoter, the second codes for the S-layer protein. The rearrangement by reciprocal recombination was investigated in Campylobacter fetus. 7-8 S-layer proteins with a high degree of homology at the 5' and 3' ends were found. Environmental changes influence the surface properties of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Depending on oxygen supply, this species produces different S-layer proteins. Finally, the molecular bases for some applications are discussed. Recombinant S-layer fusion proteins have been designed for biotechnology.
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PMID:Molecular biology of S-layers. 927 28

Constrained molecular dynamics simulations on anandamide, together with a systematic distance comparison search, have revealed a specific low-energy conformer whose spatial disposition of the pharmacophoric elements closely matches that of HHC. This conformer enables near superposition of the following: (1) the oxygen of the carboxyamide and the phenolic hydroxyl group of HHC, (2) the hydroxyl group of the ethanol and the cyclohexyl hydroxyl group of HHC, (3) the alkyl tail and the lipophilic side chain of HHC, and (4) the polyolefin loop and the tricyclic ring structure of HHC. The close matching of common pharmacophoric elements of anandamide with HHC offers persuasive evidence of the biological relevance of this conformer. The proposed pharmacophore model was capable of discriminating between structurally related compounds exhibiting different pharmacological potency for the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, i.e., anandamide and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)prostaglandinamide. Furthermore, a 3D-QSAR model was derived using CoMFA for a training set of 29 classical and nonclassical analogues which rationalized the binding affinity in terms of steric and electrostatic properties and, more importantly, which predicted the potency of anandamide in excellent agreement with experimental data. The ABC tricyclic HU-210/HU-211 and ACD tricyclic CP55,243/CP55,244 enantiomeric pairs were employed as test compounds to validate the present CoMFA model. For each enantiomeric pair, the CoMFA-predicted log Ki values correctly identified that enantiomer exhibiting the higher affinity for the receptor.
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PMID:Derivation of a pharmacophore model for anandamide using constrained conformational searching and comparative molecular field analysis. 978 95


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