Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: DrugBank:APRD00080 (Leaf)
 21,685 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Erythrocytes collected from 1-day-old chicks were stabilized by fixation with formaldehyde and by freeze-drying after treatment with carbon monoxide. Suspensions of freeze-dried erythrocytes in distilled water or physiological saline had a homogeneous bright reddish-purple color. Freeze-dried erythrocytes were compared with fresh erythrocytes for hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests for various viruses including rubella, Japanese encephalitis, influenza, mumps, Newcastle disease, and Sendai viruses. After storage at 4 degrees C for 1 year or more, freeze-dried erythrocytes maintained their original appearance and sensitivity to hemagglutination antigens.
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PMID:Application of freeze-dried, one-day-old chick erythrocytes to viral hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. 18 9

A fire due to endotracheal tube (ET) ignition is a catastrophic event that may occur during laser surgery of the upper airway, regardless of the wavelength utilized. Although methods exist that permit laser surgery without an ET, this is frequently not feasible. The current investigation was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of a double-cuffed stainless steel ET, first in the laboratory and subsequently in a clinical setting. Bench testing was performed using CO2 (both standard and milliwatt) and KTP/532 lasers. Only the distal polyvinyl chloride cuffed end of the tube was potentially ignitable, however, the appropriate use of saline to fill the cuffs allowed only for cuff perforation without ignition. Canine testing was performed in 10 animals: 4 dogs were intubated from 3 to 4.5 hours with the laser resistant stainless steel endotracheal tube (LRSS-ET) (Laser-Flex Tracheal Tube; Mallinckrodt Anesthesia Products, St. Louis, MO) and 2 with an aluminum tape wrapped red rubber ET. Visual and histological examination were performed in both groups at 3 and 7 days. Four dogs underwent CO2 laser laryngeal surgery with visual and histological examination performed at 7 days postoperatively. No untoward effects could be demonstrated due to the LRSS-ET. A clinical study was then performed in 24 patients who underwent laser surgery of the upper aerodigestive tract with either a CO2 or KTP/532 laser. In all cases ventilation was adequate, the shaft of the LRSS-ET proved impervious to the laser, and the distal end of the tube protected the tracheobronchial tree safely.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Laser resistant stainless steel endotracheal tube: experimental and clinical evaluation. 186 69

Sixteen welders, welding under typical New Zealand conditions, had ambient air within their welding helmets sampled and analysed for ozone, nitrogen oxides, fluoride, carbon monoxide, aluminium, chromium, iron, nickel, zinc and total dust. Postshift urinary metals were also analysed, and a respiratory questionnaire completed for each welder. Levels above the New Zealand Workplace Exposure Standard (WES) were found for nitrogen dioxide in four welders (two TIG, one MMA and one plasma cutter), and for total chromium in one plasma cutter, who also had a nickel level of 24% of the WES. Dust levels were highest in the plasma cutters, with one reaching 8.67 mg/m3 (WES = 5 mg/m3). Urinary levels however did not indicate excessive short or long term uptake. Where efficient fume extraction was in use, levels of air contaminants were lower than with natural ventilation. Respiratory symptoms were reported by 67% of welders, 38% meeting criteria for chronic bronchitis (relative risk = 2.0). Smoking welders reported more symptoms than nonsmoking welders.
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PMID:Exposure to fumes in typical New Zealand welding operations. 189 Nov 37

Apparent carbonic anhydrase activity in leaf extracts, measured as the rate of H+ production associated with the CO2 hydration reaction, varied by as much as 25-fold when the assay buffer was varied. Highest activities were usually recorded in barbitone buffer, with lower activities in imidazole, Tricine, Hepes, Tris, and phosphate buffers. The greatest differences were observed with the enzyme isolated from leaves of the monocotyledonous plants Zea mays (maize) and Triticum aestivum (wheat). Smaller differences were observed with carbonic anhydrase from dicotyledonous species and there was no effect on the erythrocyte enzyme. Leaf carbonic anhydrase activity measured by the mass spectrometric procedure was unaffected by varying the assay buffer. The low activity in certain buffers observed with the former assay system was found to be due to inhibition of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction by higher concentrations of CO2. Carbonic anhydrase from some sources was also strongly inhibited by certain inorganic and organic anions.
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PMID:Carbonic anhydrase assay: strong inhibition of the leaf enzyme by CO2 in certain buffers. 190 92

To assess the possibility of indirect damage by CO2 laser reflection from specialized or modified tracheal tubes, four different tracheal tubes were studied. They were (1) a Rusch red rubber tracheal tube wrapped with 3M No. 425 aluminum foil tape, (2) a Rusch red rubber tracheal tube wrapped with Venture copper foil tape, (3) a polyvinylchloride tracheal tube wrapped with Laser-Guard protective coating, and (4) a Mallinckrodt Laser-Flex tracheal tube. The tracheal tubes were straightened and centered within cardboard cylinders and the laser set to 40 W was aimed to reflect from the tracheal tubes onto the cardboard. The times to combustion perforating the cardboard cylinders because of laser reflection were 1.41 +/- 0.54 (mean +/- SD), 1.73 +/- 0.93, 3.70 +/- 2.18, and 9.26 +/- 3.40 s for tracheal tubes 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The differences between the times to combustion with tracheal tubes 3 and 1, 3 and 2, 4 and 1, 4 and 2, and finally, 4 and 3 were statistically significant. We conclude that the Laser-Guard-wrapped polyvinylchloride tracheal tube and the Mallinckrodt Laser-Flex tracheal tube were less reflective of incident CO2 laser radiation than the copper or aluminum-foil-wrapped red rubber tracheal tubes.
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PMID:Reflection of CO2 laser radiation from laser-resistant endotracheal tubes. 190 18

An experiment with a factorial arrangement of treatments was conducted to determine the effect of ambient and water-cooled roost temperatures on metabolic rates of fasted and fed Columbian Plymouth Rock hens. Indirect open circuit calorimetry was used to determine oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production rates by the hens. Experiments during the thermoneutral period were conducted at 25 +/- 1 C for both ambient and roost temperature treatments. Experiments during the heat-stress period were conducted at an ambient temperature of 35 +/- 1 C. Roost temperatures of 20 +/- 1 (water-cooled roost) and 34 +/- 1 C were provided. Fasting was for at least 40 h; fed hens were fasted, then gavaged with 20 g of sucrose dissolved in 20 mL of distilled water. The metabolic rates were consistently higher in fed than fasted hens for all temperature treatments. The respiratory quotient responses were significantly influenced by feeding status of hens but not by ambient or roost temperature treatments. Cooled roosts in the 35 +/- 1 C environment provided metabolic rates 19% lower. The rectal temperatures of heat-stressed fasted and fed hens with a 34 +/- 1 C roost were elevated 1.20 and 1.32 C, respectively, whereas those of hens with the 20 +/- 1 C water-cooled roosts increased only .22 and .28 C during the heat-stress period, respectively. Hens on the 20 +/- 1 C roost did not initiate thermal panting, whereas those on the 34 +/- 1 C roost panted vigorously. It is concluded that the water-cooled roost partially alleviated heat stress by lowering metabolic rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of peripheral foot cooling on metabolic rate and thermoreregulation of fed and fasted chicken hens in a hot environment. 201 20

The generation of reactive oxygen intermediates by microsomes from ethanol-fed rats and pair-fed controls was determined by assaying for NADPH-dependent chemiluminescence. In the absence or presence of added ferric complexes, microsomal light emission was elevated several-fold after chronic ethanol consumption. Iron complexes such as ferric-citrate or ferric-ATP stimulated, while ferric-EDTA, inhibited microsomal chemiluminescence. Freeze-thawing the microsomes to elevate their content of lipid hydroperoxides resulted in large increases in chemiluminescence; under all conditions, the light emission remained several-fold higher with microsomes from the ethanol-fed rats. Chemiluminescence was not sensitive to superoxide dismutase, catalase, or the hydroxyl radical scavenging agent, dimethyl sulfoxide, but was inhibited by antioxidants and by glutathione. Replacing air with a mixture of 50% nitrogen-50% air or 50% carbon monoxide-50% air had no effect on chemiluminescence by microsomes from the pair-fed controls. However, the chemiluminescent response by microsomes from the ethanol-fed rats was inhibited about 50% by the nitrogen mixture, and was further inhibited (about 75% of values found with 100% air, and 50% of values found with 50% nitrogen-50% air) with the carbon monoxide mixture. The sensitivity to carbon monoxide suggests the possibility that the alcohol-inducible cytochrome P-450 isozyme may contribute, in part, to the elevated light emission produced by microsomes from the ethanol-fed rats. The increase in chemiluminescence by microsomes after chronic ethanol consumption appears to reflect an elevated level of lipid hydroperoxides as well as an increased rate of generation of reactive oxygen species.
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PMID:Increased NADPH-dependent chemiluminescence by microsomes after chronic ethanol consumption. 319 Feb 38

We have compared the effects of critical point-drying (CPD) and freeze-drying (FD) on the morphology of Triton-resistant cytoskeletons and microtubules by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In general, cytoskeletons attached to Formvar films suffer less structural damage than cells or cytoskeletons attached to glass, because the Formvar film absorbs some of the stress associated with shrinkage during drying. However, as seen in stereo-pair electron micrographs, the three-dimensional structure of cytoskeletons prepared by FD is better preserved and shows fewer artefacts than those prepared by CPD. CPD specimens are flatter, often have a concave and apparently collapsed nuclear matrix and show large cracks both in the perinuclear zone and through the cytoskeleton. At least some of the damage appears to be due to residual water in the CO2 used as the substitution fluid, because cytoskeletons dried with a water filter attached to the CPD apparatus show substantially less damage than those dried without the filter. Freeze-dried cytoskeletons consist mostly of unbroken, smooth filaments and have no perinuclear open space. Comparison of the effects of drying on the diameters of in vitro polymerized microtubules showed that the diameter of microtubules is reduced after drying, but that FD causes significantly less shrinkage than CPD. Addition of 0.2% tannic acid to the glutaraldehyde fixative significantly reduces the shrinkage of CPD microtubules, but has no effect on FD microtubules. The observations on microtubules support the hypothesis that drying-induced shrinkage is the result of both pressure and solvent evaporation and they indicate that tannic acid stabilizes samples against the former but not the latter.
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PMID:Comparison of the effects of critical point-drying and freeze-drying on cytoskeletons and microtubules. 321 82

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity (PDHC) measured by CO2 release isotopic assay has generally been much lower than activity measured by the spectrophotometric arylamine acetyltransferase assay (ArAT). Decarboxylation of [1-14C]pyruvate was measured in osmotically shocked rat brain cortical mitochondria. Activity is dependent on the concentration of the substrate pyruvate. Activity of 74.6 units +/- 12.3 SD (n = 22) was observed at 4 mM pyruvate (1 unit = 1 nmol pyruvate decarboxylated/min/mg protein). Activity was dependent on added NAD, CoA, and thiamine pyrophosphate, implying increased mitochondrial permeability after osmotic shock. Freeze/thaw with sonication of the mitochondrial preparation reduced PDHC activity to 11.5 units +/- 3.0 SD (n = 4). Oxaloacetate produced a marked stimulation of activity. The optimal assay contained 3 mM oxaloacetate, and without oxaloacetate activity fell to 15.4 units +/- 9.9 SD (n = 8). These studies highlight the importance of optimal substrate concentrations in the CO2 release isotopic PDHC method. Higher PDHC activity is found with intact mitochondria and thus activity values should be interpreted in the light of the presence or absence of intact mitochondria in individual preparations.
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PMID:Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in osmotically shocked rat brain mitochondria: stimulation by oxaloacetate. 333 45

The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) acid in artificial rain at pH 3.3 was examined for young plants of rape (Brassica napus L.) and white mustard (Sinapis alba L.). Plants were treated in a closed simulation chamber system with varying CO2 supply (198-418 ppm). Single or daily showers were applied for 20-30 min at varying 2,4-D concentrations (0, 0.03, 0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 mg liter-1). The plants were sampled 5 days after the last treatment. Epinasty was observed for Brassica at 0.5 mg liter-1 and for Sinapis at 0.1 mg liter-1 2,4-D. Leaf to stem dry weight ratios increased with increasing CO2 concentrations in the air and decreased following single treatments with 0.5 or 2.5 mg liter-1 2,4-D in the rain. Dose-effect relationships are proposed for both plant species. Leaf dry matter weights per area unit decreased with increasing CO2 concentrations, but were not significantly affected by the 2,4-D treatments.
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PMID:Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in artificial acid rain on Brassica napus and Sinapis alba. 647 80


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