Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Parathion was applied to peach trees in three different formulations 70 days before harvest. Leaf samples were taken periodically through the 70-day period and gas-liquid chromatographic analyses were conducted for dislodgable and penetrated residues. Analyses were also conducted for paraoxon and the s-ethyl isomer of parathion. Punched samples were compared to whole-leaf samples; generally residue levels for both types corresponded closely. A new experimental formulation, encapsulated parathion, produced highest levels of total parathion throughout the 70-day study, but even this formulation resulted in low total residue levels around 1 ppm at time of harvest. Degradation of the s-ethyl isomer of parathion was generally very rapid in all formulations studied. Dislodgable residues of paraoxon may be significant in some formulations and should be included in parathion degradation studies. Much of the parathion found on peach leaves throughout the growing season was dislodgable residue, but this depended considerably on the formulation used.
Pestic Monit J 1975 Mar
PMID:Degradation of parathion applied to peach leaves. 116 51

Twenty-six composite samples of fish were collected during 1978 from United States watersheds near the Great Lakes and analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and related organic chemicals. PCB mixtures resembling Aroclor 1254 were found in all samples, and mixtures resembling Aroclor 1242 (or 1016) were found in 77 percent of the samples. Total PCB concentrations in the whole-fish composite samples ranged from 0.13 to 14.6 ppm; 65 percent of the samples contained more than 2 ppm PCBs. DDT and its metabolites were found in all samples. sigma DDT concentration was 1.66 ppm, and 81 percent of the samples contained less than 1.0 ppm sigma DDT. Chlordane ranged from less than 0.001 to 2.57 ppm in 38 percent of the samples. Hexachlorobenzene was found in 65 percent of the samples, ranging from less than 0.005 to 0.447 ppm. Other chemicals identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry included petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorobenzenes, chlorostyrenes, chlorophenols, and chlorinated aliphatic compounds. Fish from the Ashtabula River (Ohio), Rock River (Ohio), and Wabash River (Indiana) contained extremely complex residues of chlorinated and other organic chemicals.
Pestic Monit J 1981 Jun
PMID:Polychlorinated biphenyls and other organic chemical residues in fish from major United States watersheds near the Great Lakes, 1978. 679 89

The vaccinia virus forms two morphologically distinct infectious virus particles: intracellular mature virus (IMV) and extracellular enveloped virus (EEV). The envelope of EEV is a Golgi-derived membrane (wrapping membrane). A mutant (vRB10) lacks the ability to form the EEV. In medium containing a neutralizing antibody (2D5mAb), the vRB10 mutant was diluted out from infected cells, whereas the IHD-J strain of vaccinia virus replicated well. The result indicated that the 2D5mAb specifically neutralized the IMV. The 2D5-resistant EEV appeared at 6-7 hr postinfection, and over 65% of infectious virus in the culture fluid was EEV at 48 hr after infection. The EEV was resistant not only to the 2D5mAb but also against several neutralizing antibodies, including polyclonal antivaccinia serum reactive with proteins of the wrapping membrane. Freeze-thawing and other procedures that may damage the wrapping membrane converted the EEV to a form susceptible to the antibodies. Since specific infectivity was not affected by the damage or by exposure to antibody against the wrapping membrane proteins, the wrapping membrane did not directly participate in penetration. The infection process of vaccinia virus was analyzed by comparison of responses to acid treatment between normal IMV and trypsin-treated IMV. Proteolytically activated IMV infected rapidly responding to acid. The protected form virus, which was noninfectious under usual conditions, was proteolytically activated on cell membrane then responded to the acid. Proteolysis activated the virus, and an acidic condition accelerated fusion between the activated IMV and plasma membrane. The virus in the EEV wrapping membrane was the activated form that has the capacity to fuse with the cell membrane. However, the infection of intact EEV was more sensitive against lysosomotropic agents (NH4Cl, neutral red) than that of the trypsin-activated IMV. Resistance to the 2D5mAb, sensitivity to lysosomotropic agents, and acceleration of infection by acid suggested that the intact EEV penetrated by virus-endosome membrane fusion. The combined effect of the presence of wrapping membrane and the process of internalization via an endocytic mechanism rendered EEV resistant to neutralizing antibodies.
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PMID:Extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus escapes neutralization. 861 Apr 39

All major mining activity particularly opencast mining contributes to the problem of suspended particulate matter (SPM) directly or indirectly. Therefore, assessment and prediction are required to prevent and minimize the deterioration of SPM due to various opencast mining operations. Determination of emission rate of SPM for these activities and validation of air quality models are the first and foremost concern. In view of the above, the study was taken up for determination of emission rate for SPM to calculate emission rate of various opencast mining activities and validation of commonly used two air quality models for Indian mining conditions. To achieve the objectives, eight coal and three iron ore mining sites were selected to generate site specific emission data by considering type of mining, method of working, geographical location, accessibility and above all resource availability. The study covers various mining activities and locations including drilling, overburden loading and unloading, coal/mineral loading and unloading, coal handling or screening plant, exposed overburden dump, stock yard, workshop, exposed pit surface, transport road and haul road. Validation of the study was carried out through Fugitive Dust Model (FDM) and Point, Area and Line sources model (PAL2) by assigning the measured emission rate for each mining activity, meteorological data and other details of the respective mine as an input to the models. Both the models were run separately for the same set of input data for each mine to get the predicted SPM concentration at three receptor locations for each mine. The receptor locations were selected such a way that at the same places the actual filed measurement were carried out for SPM concentration. Statistical analysis was carried out to assess the performance of the models based on a set measured and predicted SPM concentration data. The value of coefficient of correlation for PAL2 and FDM was calculated to be 0.990-0.994 and 0.966-0.997, respectively, which shows a fairly good agreement between measured and predicted values of SPM concentration. The average index of agreement values for PAL2 and FDM was found to be 0.665 and 0.752, respectively, which represents that the prediction by PAL2 and FDM models are accurate by 66.5 and 75.2%, respectively. These indicate that FDM model is more suited for Indian mining conditions.
Environ Monit Assess 2003 Feb
PMID:Validation of two air quality models for Indian mining conditions. 1260 20

We conducted an aquatic macroinvertebrate assessment in the channelized reach of the lower Missouri River, and used statistical analysis of individual metrics and multimetric scores to identify community response patterns and evaluate relative biological condition. We examined longitudinal site differences that are potentially associated with water quality related factors originating from the Kansas City metropolitan area, using data from coarse rock substrate in flowing water habitats (outside river bends), and depositional mud substrate in slack water habitats (dike fields). Three sites above river mile (RM) 369 in Kansas City (Nebraska City, RM = 560; St. Joseph, RM = 530; Parkville, RM = 377) and three below (Lexington, RM = 319; Glasgow, RM = 228; Hermann, RM = 94) were sampled with rock basket artificial substrates, a qualitative kicknet method, and the Petite Ponar. We also compared the performance of the methods used. A total of 132 aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa were collected from the lower Missouri River; one third of these taxa belonged to the sensitive EPOT insect orders (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Odonata, and Trichoptera). Rock baskets had the highest mean efficiency (34.1%) of the methods, and the largest number of taxa was collected by Ponar (n = 69) and kicknet (n = 69) methods. Seven of the 15 metrics calculated from rock basket data, and five of the nine metrics calculated from Ponar data showed highly significant differences (ANOVA, P < 0.001) at one or more sites below Kansas City. We observed a substantial reduction in net-spinning Trichoptera in rock habitats below Kansas City (Lexington), an increase in relative dominance of Oligochaeta in depositional habitats at the next site downstream (Glasgow), and lower relative condition scores in rock habitat at Lexington and depositional habitat at Glasgow. Collectively, these data indicate that some urban-related impacts on the aquatic macroinvertebrate community are occurring. Our results suggest that the methods and assessment framework we used in this study could be successfully applied on a larger scale with concurrent water and sediment chemistry to validate metrics, establish impairment levels, and develop a specific macroinvertebrate community index for the lower Missouri River. We recommend accomplishing this with longitudinal multi-habitat sampling at a larger number of sites related to all potential sources of impairment, including major tributaries, urban areas, and point sources.
Environ Monit Assess 2003 Jun
PMID:A longitudinal assessment of the aquatic macroinvertebrate community in the channelized lower Missouri River. 1280 55

Foliar Cd and Zn concentrations of hybrid poplars commonly planted on sediment-derived soils were assessed in field circumstances. Selected sites covered a range of soil types and plantation characteristics. Reference data for foliar concentrations were established from samples taken in a tree-nursery. Even in the reference situation a large variation in foliar Cd and Zn concentrations was observed, with relative standard deviations in the order of 15%. Foliar concentrations of Cd and Zn in poplars growing on sediment-derived soils increased during the growing season. The accumulation rate was markedly higher on polluted sediment-derived soils than in the reference situation. Poplars grown on polluted sediment derived soils showed elevated and deviating foliar Cd and Zn concentrations (>7.5 mg Cd kg(-1) DW and 320 mg Zn kg(-1) DW). A thin unpolluted covering layer did not influence foliar concentrations. Regardless of site characteristics, poplar age, species or clone, a significant positive relation was found between soil and foliar concentration for Zn and to a lesser extent for Cd. Bioconcentration factors for Cd and Zn were higher than one in baseline situations, but mostly lower than one on polluted sediment-derived soils. Cd:Zn ratio was on the average twice as high as in the soil. Leaf beetles showed normal body concentrations for Zn, but higher Cd concentrations than in reference situations. BCFs were lower than one on sediment-derived soils. Foliar results indicated a possible threat in long-term habitat development of poplar plantations. This conclusion was confirmed by the significant higher Cd concentrations in leaf beetles grown on poplars with deviant foliar concentrations. However, litter decomposition rates were generally evaluated as normal.
Environ Monit Assess 2003 Dec
PMID:Cd and Zn concentration in hybrid poplar foliage and leaf beetles grown on polluted sediment-derived soils. 1463 94

We tested the sampling methods of a volunteer-based monitoring program designed to detect the non-indigenous spiny water flea, Bythotrephes longimanus, and found that the program could detect the majority of Bythotrephes invasions. Volunteers take two vertical hauls with a 30 cm diameter net at each of three pelagic stations. To determine if the volunteers were using a large enough net at their three stations, we performed a 17-lake comparison of the volunteer's net with a 75 cm diameter, research-grade net. We found no difference in the number of stations at which Bythotrephes was detected (paired t-test, p = 0.155) with the two nets, because Bythotrephes densities were above the detection limits for both nets. To determine if three stations were sufficient to detect the invader with the volunteer's net, we deployed it at 30 stations in two lakes with average (Harp Lake, 4.17 Bythotrephes m(-3)) vs. low Bythotrephes densities (Sugar Lake, 0.92 m(-3)). In Harp Lake, repeated randomized sampling of the 30 sets of data indicated that only three stations were needed for 100% capture success. In Sugar Lake, seven stations were needed for 100% capture success, but three stations, the current program design, failed to detect the invasion only 14% of the time.
Environ Monit Assess 2004 Feb
PMID:Auditing the accuracy of a volunteer-based surveillance program for an aquatic invader Bythotrephes. 1496 36

Urban areas of different land uses can be distinguished by their specific patterns of atmospheric dust and trace element precipitation. Dusts emitted from industrial areas with fossil fuel processing, for instance, are enriched in V, Ni and Co. Cluster analysis groups sampling sites based on their specific element patterns. The resulting groups correspond to the surrounding land use: Urban sampling sites were identified showing similar patterns of dust and trace element precipitation as a reference site; dusts of other urban sites were influenced by diffuse pollution (caused by non-point and dispersed pollution sources), or by specific industrial emissions. Cluster analysis was also used to characterize the chemical dust composition. Three clusters of typical element associations were distinguished. These clusters represent the dust matrix, diffuse urban pollution and pollution due to fossil fuel processing. Dust precipitation and chemical dust composition show seasonal variations. Dust precipitation and concentrations of trace elements in the precipitated dust are negatively correlated during the annual courses. The highest concentrations of trace elements occur during winter, whereas the highest precipitations of dust were found during summer. This finding stresses that both, precipitation and concentration have to be addressed for the environmental assessment of urban dusts.
Environ Monit Assess
PMID:Trace element patterns and seasonal variability of dust precipitation in a low polluted city--the example of Karlsruhe/Germany. 1507 17

The geographical and temporal distribution patterns of airborne dust particulates have been studied in different representative areas of Raipur City. Dust fall samples from different sites were collected and some selected toxic metals namely Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sb and Pb in them were determined by AAS. Total annual flux of 11.7, 541.4, 2751.0, 14.2, 9.8, 90.9, 17.6, and 17.7 kg km(-2) y(-1) were measured for Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sb, and Pb respectively. The occurrence of metal concentration were generally in the order industrial > heavy traffic > commercial > residential area in Raipur city. The results of analysis show the existence of toxic metal concentration in the order Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb approximately Sb > Ni > Cr > Cu in Raipur city. These large levels of metal pollutants have also been correlated with some meteorological parameters like temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity, and strong positive correlations have been observed.
Environ Monit Assess 2004 Jul
PMID:Load of heavy metals in the airborne dust particulates of an urban city of central India. 1519 30

Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) have been measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in various sections of the 3623 m deep ice core drilled at Vostok, in central East Antarctica. The sections were dated from 240 to 410 kyear BP (Marine Isotopic Stages (MIS) 7.5 to 11.3), which corresponds to the 3rd and 4th glacial-interglacial cycles before present. Concentrations are found to have varied greatly during this 170 kyear time period, with high concentration values during the coldest climatic stages such as MIS 8.4 and 10.2 and much lower concentration values during warmer periods, such as the interglacials MIS 7.5, 9.3 and 11.3. Rock and soil dust were the dominant sources for Pb, whatever the period, and for Zn and Cu and possibly Cd during cold climatic stages. The contribution from volcanic emissions was important for Cd during all periods and might have been significant for Cu and Zn during warm periods.
J Environ Monit 2005 Dec
PMID:Glacial-interglacial changes in the occurrence of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in Vostok Antarctic ice from 240 000 to 410 000 years BP. 1630 91


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