Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: DrugBank:APRD00080 (Leaf)
 21,685 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To compare, in vitro, the seal of Ti-Flex and GP cone obturations, to verify the adaptation of the Ti-Flex cone inside the obturated canal and to evaluate the density of the sealer material, eighty-two canals of freshly extracted teeth were manually prepared and obturated with corresponding Ti-Flex cones and with single GP cones. After dye infiltration the roots were transversally sectioned. On the first 5 apical sections (i.e. 3-5 mm from apex), the Ti-Flex obturations presented significantly more leakage than the GP obturations since no cones but only the sealer obturated these sections. The Ti-Flex cones appeared adapted to the walls in the apical and median segments of the canals. The density of the sealer in the Ti-Flex obturations was judged satisfactory in most of the specimens. The seal and adaptation defects of the Ti-Flex demonstrated in this study could be balanced by the limited effect of straightening the canal and thinning its dentinal wall of this anchoring system.
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PMID:[Canal obturation with the Ti-Flex cone. An in vitro trial of its tightness and its adaptation]. 199 17

An experiment was carried out with a total of 100 broiler chickens of the Plymouth Rock breed. From hatching up to the 56th day of age they were offered a maize-soybean ration that was balanced in terms of nutrients and exogenically supplemented with cadmium at various rates in the form of cadmium chloride. The birds were divided into five experimental groups. The first group was given the basic ration with 2.5 mg Cd per kg of feed. The second group was given the same ration with 5 mg Cd; the third group--the same feed with 10 mg Cd; and the fourth group--the same ration with 20 mg Cd. The morphologic studies revealed that the presence of Cd in the feed led to severe dystrophic and necrotic changes accompanied with hemorrhages in the kidneys, heart muscle, and liver. Besides, the birds of the second and third group showed thinning and prolongation of villi intestinales, and those of the fourth group--shortening and thickening of the villi in the small intestine. These changes were indicative of chronic toxic lesions.
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PMID:[Morphological changes in chickens receiving cadmium with the feed]. 399 31

Male strains of the water mold Achlya ambisexualis produce antheridial hyphae in response to the steroid hormone antheridiol. The antheridial hypha is postulated to be initiated through a localized wall softening with the enzyme cellulase. Freeze-etch studies of hormone-treated hyphae were conducted to determine if aggregates of vesicles are induced at the location of new antheridial hyphae. Localized aggregates of vesicles were found in conjunction with areas of wall thinning. These data suggest that the processes of vesiculation and secretion provide a mechanism for concentration of cellulase at the site of initiation of antheridial hyphae.
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PMID:Sexual morphogenesis in Achlya: ultrastructural basis for the hormonal induction of antheridial hyphae. 452 41

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable disorder of connective tissue associated with fractures, osteopenia, and short stature. OI results from mutations affecting the pro alpha 1 or pro alpha 2 gene of type I collagen. We describe a strain of mice with a nonlethal recessively inherited mutation (oim) that results in phenotypic and biochemical features that simulate moderate to severe human OI. The phenotype of homozygous oim mice includes skeletal fractures, limb deformities, generalized osteopenia, and small body size. Their femurs are smaller and demonstrate marked cortical thinning and fewer medullary trabeculae than those of wild-type mice. Breeding studies show the mutation is inherited in most crosses as a single recessive gene on chromosome 6, near the murine Cola-2 gene. Biochemical analysis of skin and bone, as well as isolated dermal fibroblast cultures, demonstrate that alpha 1(I) homotrimeric collagen accumulates in these tissues and is secreted by fibroblasts. Short labeling studies in fibroblasts demonstrate an absence of pro alpha 2(I) collagen chains. Nucleotide sequencing of the cDNA encoding the COOH-propeptide reveals a G deletion at pro alpha 2(I) nucleotide 3983; this results in an alteration of the sequence of the last 48 amino acids. The oim mouse will facilitate the study of type I collagen-related skeletal disease.
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PMID:Defective pro alpha 2(I) collagen synthesis in a recessive mutation in mice: a model of human osteogenesis imperfecta. 844 83

The crown structure of Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden 6 years after thinning, and the development of stand leaf area index both immediately and 6 years after thinning, were investigated. Thinning did not alter branch angle, branching density or the relationship between branch size and branch leaf area. However, larger branches were found in the lower crown of thinned trees and the increase in leaf area as a result of thinning occurred on the northern aspect of the crown. The vertical distribution of leaf area in unthinned trees was skewed toward the top of the crown and correlated with live crown ratio. The vertical distribution of leaf area in thinned trees tended to be less skewed and was unrelated to tree size or dominance. Leaf area index, as estimated from light interception measurements, increased at a constant rate soon after thinning regardless of residual stocking. In the longer term, residual stocking had a strong influence on leaf area increase per tree and was correlated with changes in crown length.
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PMID:Crown structure and leaf area index development in thinned and unthinned Eucalyptus nitens plantations. 1149 46

We studied the influence of branch autonomy on the growth of reproductive and vegetative organs by establishing different patterns of fruit distribution within and between large branch units (scaffolds) in mature peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. 'Elegant Lady'). Different patterns of fruit distribution were established by defruiting either whole scaffolds (uneven fruit distribution between scaffolds; US) or several selected hangers (small fruiting branches) per tree (uneven fruit distribution between hangers; UH). The effects of these patterns were compared with the effects of an even fruit distribution treatment (EVEN) in which fruits were thinned to achieve maximum uniformity of fruit distribution within the canopy. The desired fruit loads were obtained by differentially thinning the remaining bearing parts. On a tree basis, the response of mean fruit mass to fruit load was strongly affected by fruit distribution. The steepest mean fruit mass to fruit load relationship was found in US trees, whereas the relationship in UH trees was intermediate between the US and EVEN trees. On a scaffold basis, differences in fruit size between EVEN and US trees with similar fruit loads, though statistically significant, were relatively small, indicating that scaffolds were almost totally autonomous with respect to dry matter partitioning to fruit during the final stage of peach fruit growth. Hangers also appeared to exhibit significant autonomy with respect to the distribution of dry matter during the final phase of fruit growth. Branch autonomy was evident in scaffold growth: defruited scaffolds in the US treatment grew more than fruited scaffolds, and fruit distribution treatments had little impact on scaffold cross-sectional area on a tree basis. On the other hand, as observed for fruit growth, branch autonomy did not appear to be complete because the fruited scaffolds grew more in US trees than in EVEN trees under heavy cropping conditions. However, the effect of fruit distribution occurred only over short distances, and was negligible on organs located farther away from the source of heterogeneity (fruits), such as the trunk and roots.
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PMID:Influence of branch autonomy on fruit, scaffold, trunk and root growth during stage III of peach fruit development. 1261 46

Leaf ozone symptoms in natural ecosystems are increasingly reported but ozone effects on tree growth and the mediation of site conditions are still little documented. This study tests two hypotheses: (1) leaf injury in black cherry is associated with decline in radial growth, (2) symptoms are more prevalent on mesic sites. On sites supporting black cherry across Massachusetts, tree growth and leaf ozone injury were surveyed in 1996 using a randomized plot network established in the 1960s. Forty-seven percent of 120 trees sampled for ozone symptoms were symptomatic with generally low levels of injury. Over a 31-year period symptomatic trees had 28% lower stem growth rates than asymptomatic trees. Ozone symptom expression was enhanced in well growing stands on moister, cooler and more elevated sites. Ozone appeared to increase environmental stress and had a more pronounced effect on growth in better growing black cherry stands. This complicates management decisions as thinning increases growth and moisture availability.
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PMID:Reduction of stem growth and site dependency of leaf injury in Massachusetts black cherries exhibiting ozone symptoms. 1282 24

Stem sapwood hydraulic permeability, tree leaf area, sapwood basal area, earlywood to latewood ratio of annual rings, radial variation in hydraulic permeability and stem hydraulic capacity were examined in dominant (D), codominant (CD) and suppressed (SP) lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) trees growing on medium and poor sites. Hydraulic permeability on a sapwood area basis (ks) was lower in suppressed trees (0.71 x 10(-12) m2) compared to dominants (1.97 x 10(-12) m2) and codominants (1.79 x 10(-12) m2), and higher on medium than on poor sites. The leaf/sapwood area ratio (S) varied with crown dominance position (D > CD > SP) but not by site type. Leaf specific conductivity (kL) did not vary between crown classes or site types. The relationship between leaf area and stem hydraulic supply capacity (Q*) was strong, but differed among crown classes. Dominant trees and trees from the medium sites had a greater proportion of earlywood in outer rings of sapwood than suppressed trees. Sapwood permeability declined from the cambium to the sapwood-heartwood boundary in all samples, but the decline was more gradual in dominant trees compared to codominant and suppressed trees; differences in the radial variation in sapwood permeability may be related to differences in S. Sapwood permeability is positively related to crown dominance, whereas subdominant (CD and SP) trees have greater Q* in relation to leaf area, leading us to propose that this may give subdominant trees a survival advantage, slowing self-thinning.
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PMID:Stem sapwood permeability in relation to crown dominance and site quality in self-thinning fire-origin lodgepole pine stands. 1286 49

Fruit load was altered by flower thinning on three- and four-year-old, field-grown apple trees. Increasing fruit load led to increases in dry matter production per unit leaf area and partitioning to fruit and to decreases in fruit size, percentage fruit dry matter, dry matter partitioning to new shoot growth, thickening of existing woody tissue and root growth. Flower bud production for the following spring was also negatively affected by an increase in fruit load. Leaf photosynthesis was increased in cropping trees in July and August at the time of maximum fruit dry weight increase. Calculated light interception was linearly related to leaf area. The efficiency of conversion of intercepted photosynthetic active radiation to dry matter energy equivalents was 3.3% in heavily cropping trees and 1.8% in non-cropping trees. Total dry matter production was linearly related to both leaf area and light interception, but the variance accounted for by the regression was more than doubled if fruit dry matter or fruit number was included in the regression.
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PMID:Effects of varying crop load on photosynthesis, dry matter production and partitioning of Crispin/M.27 apple trees. 1496 65

Levels of DDE, HEOD, PCBs and mercury were measured in Gannet eggs from several colonies around Britain during 1971-1987. At two colonies (Ailsa Craig and Bass Rock) sampled throughout this period, organochlorine levels declined between the early 1970s and 1983, and then increased again. The trends at other colonies, sampled over shorter periods, were generally consistent with those at Ailsa Craig and Bass Rock. Trends in mercury levels were more variable, and increases were observed at four colonies and declines at two. Some shell-thinning occurred in association with DDE contamination. However, levels of this chemical were too low to affect breeding success in the years concerned. The same was probably true of the other chemicals.
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PMID:Trends in organochlorine and mercury levels in Gannet eggs. 1509 28


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