Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: DrugBank:APRD00080 (Leaf)
 21,685 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of the germinal center are known to absorb antigens in the form of immune complexes and to express them on the cell surface for long periods of time. Here, Cecil Fox and Michele Cottler-Fox propose that, as a result of FDC binding of immune-complexed viruses, lymphoid organs are the major reservoirs of HIV, and that FDCs play a key role in infection of CD4+ T cells.
 ...
PMID:The pathobiology of HIV infection. 136 26

To examine the neuropsychiatric effects of infection with HIV, 220 drug users (27 HIV negative, 193 HIV positive) completed tests evaluating premorbid intelligence, memory, non-verbal performance, information processing speed, and mood. When these measures were compared cross-sectionally by the severity of HIV illness, symptomatic patients (in CDC stage IV) were impaired on Trails B, two-choice decision time, delayed recall of the Wechsler Logical Memory Test and most components of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test. These findings imply reduced capacity for concentration, speed of thought and memory. When 101 patients were retested a mean of 16 months after their initial assessment, performance on Trails A and B, Block Design and delayed recall of the Wechsler Logical Memory Test deteriorated more for patients at, or progressing within, CDC stage IV, than performance of patients at stage III. The results broadly correspond to the cross-sectional findings. However, there was a decline in all tests of memory function for the sample independent of clinical staging. This may be evidence of brain involvement before the appearance of other symptoms. Self-rated measures of mood did not change cross-sectionally, progressively, or interactively with time and stage of HIV illness, and cannot account for the changes in cognitive function observed. Change in drug use, similarly, does not account for the cognitive findings. Four (5%) of the retested subjects developed AIDS dementia complex, but most of the performance and memory impairments seen were subclinical despite the destructive neuropathology presumed to underlie intellectual decline in patients with HIV infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:The Edinburgh cohort of HIV-positive drug users: pattern of cognitive impairment in relation to progression of disease. 139 40

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has the same epidemiology and way of transmission as the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). The HIV is destroyed by physical or chemical means easier than HBV and the HIV concentration in the blood is less than that of HBV. This fact leads us to the conclusion that there is the risk of transmission of HIV in the surgery but it is much less than that of HBV. Consequently the protective measures taken for HBV in the surgery are adequate for the protection from HIV. Each patient before undergoing treatment should be questioned by his dentist on his general state of health. The dentist must follow strictly the sterilization and disinfection procedures of the instruments and surfaces. The dentist should himself realise that the use of gloves, eyeglasses and mask will reduce the risk of transmission of HIV.
Hell Stomatol Chron
PMID:[Protective measures against AIDS]. 213 36

The transmission of HIV infection through contaminated blood and blood products is of a great concern to the medical and dental community and household contacts. The available data support the concept that the risk of causal nosocomial transmission of HIV following needlestick or mucous membranes injuries is extremely low (0.44%). On the other hand no dental professionals, not belonging to any AIDS-high risk group, have showed HIV-antibodies. However, recently one New York dentist, who treated high risk individuals and did not use barrier techniques was found to be HIV antibody positive. Despite of the fact that the risk of causal transmission of HIV is low, appropriate barrier techniques must be used to prevent such transmission. Various studies indicate that household contacts who are not sexual partner of patients with AIDS are at minimal or no risk for horizontal transmission of HIV-infection.
Hell Stomatol Chron
PMID:[Risk of HIV infection among health care workers, dental team and household contacts]. 315 79

Triple helix formation by oligonucleotides can be extended beyond polypurine tracts with the help of specially designed linkers. In this paper we focus our attention on the integrase-binding site of the HIV-1 virus located on the U5 LTR end which contains two adjacent purine tracts on opposite strands. Two alternate triple helices with a 3'-3' junction in the third strand are considered: 5'-GGTTTTp3'-3'pTGTGT-5' and 5'-GGAAAAp3'-3'pAGAGA-5' The structural plausibility of these triplexes is investigated using molecular mechanics and dynamics simulations, both in vacuo and in aqua. The non-isomorphism of the triplets in the GpT steps in the first sequence, gives rise to non canonical conformations in the torsion angles, hydration appears to be crucial for this triplex. Sugar puckers are predominantly South during in vacuo simulations while they turn East in aqua. In the simulation in aqua the triplexes are shrouded by an hydration shell, however, we have not been able to detect any permanent hydrogen bond bridge between DNA and water. The solvation of ions as well as their radial distribution, appear to be relatively well behaved despite the artifacts known to be generated by the simulation procedure. The experimental feasibility of these structures is discussed.
 ...
PMID:A molecular mechanics and dynamics study of alternate triple-helices involving the integrase-binding site of the HIV-1 virus and oligonucleotides having a 3'-3' internucleotide junction. 872 78

Children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have a higher prevalence of intestinal malabsorption. Anemia is also a common feature in these children. The aims of this work were (a) to establish the prevalence of iron deficiency in HIV-infected children, (b) to test the hypothesis that iron deficiency is related to intestinal malabsorption, (c) to see whether it may contribute to anemia, and (d) to evaluate the sensitivity of oral iron load in the investigation of intestinal function. To accomplish these goals, 71 HIV-infected symptomatic children were enrolled. Iron serum values were determined before and after oral load with ferrous sulfate. The correlation between basal and post-load iron levels was evaluated by linear regression. Xylose level after oral load, fecal fat, and fecal alpha 1-antitrypsin concentration were also determined. Iron deficiency was detected in 48% of patients, and it was significantly associated with intestinal iron malabsorption. Sugar malabsorption, steatorrhea, and fecal protein loss were detected in 26, 36, and 17% of patients, respectively. Low hemoglobin levels were detected in 66% of patients. The majority of children with iron deficiency also had anemia. Preliminary data showed that oral iron administration was sufficient for raising hemoglobin in children with normal iron absorption, whereas parenteral administration was required in those with iron malabsorption. We conclude that (a) iron deficiency is a major feature of pediatric HIV infection, (b) it is related to intestinal malabsorption, and (c) it contributes to anemia. Finally, oral iron load is a sensitive test for investigating intestinal function.
 ...
PMID:Iron deficiency and intestinal malabsorption in HIV disease. 873 98

The number of adolescent females between the ages of 13 and 19 who are contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is rising at an alarming rate. Although the issue of STDs has been overshadowed by continued public debate over adolescent pregnancy and childbearing, it demands attention. Particularly concerning is the fact that STDs increase the likelihood of transmitting HIV (N.E. MacDonald et al., 1990). To offset the growing incidences of STDs among female adolescents, gender-specific interventions are needed. Following is a description of the theoretical underpinnings that informed and guided the development of a gender-specific intervention titled Girl Talk. A two-stage creation and review process was used to design this 2.5-hr, four-session intervention. An overview of the quasi-experimental design that compared a nonequivalent comparison and two intervention groups (peer led and adult led) is presented. Baseline characteristics of the three groups are reported. Also described is how participant feedback and a design content analysis are used to evaluate the appropriateness of the intervention for adolescent females.
 ...
PMID:Girl Talk: development of an intervention for prevention of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases in adolescent females. 891 72

The widespread use of intensive therapies and the need to haematologically monitor patients on a frequent basis means that the proportion of blood samples with moderate to severe leucopenia is significant and increasing. From a laboratory perspective, particularly because of the need to spend significant amounts of time in obtaining manual differentials from stained smears with low leucocyte numbers, these clinical trends have created additional pressures on what is often a limited manpower resource. Moreover in such situations, differentials obtained from examination of only 20 or 50 cells are not uncommon and the statistical consequences of this will be clearly apparent. Currently, there is general user confidence for automated leucocyte differentials for blood samples with normal WBC parameters, but there has been some reluctance to extend this to samples with leucopenia. In order to explore this further, we examined the efficiency of a modern automated five-part differential analyser (Abbott CELL-DYN 3500) in an unselected series of 292 samples with leucopenia (WBC count range range; 0.28-2.48 x 10(9)/l). Of these, 49 were from leucopenic sero-positive HIV patients with the remaining 243 samples originating from haematological oncology clinics, patients receiving radiotherapy for non-haemopoietic malignancies, and from patients with various chronic diseases. Morphologically, 204 of these samples did not show any blast cells or NRBC, 48 had blast cells but no NRBC, 29 had NRBC but no blasts, and the remaining 11 showed both blasts and NRBC. For 277 cases with less than 5% blasts, there was an excellent correlation between the manual and CD3500 automated differential, with no obvious bias between manual and automated subpopulation estimates at any percentage level. Linear regression analyses comparing absolute neutrophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts for these same samples further revealed impressive correlations (r > 0.92) for all leucocyte populations and the absolute neutrophil count in particular (r = 0.986). Manual and CD3500 leucocyte differential comparisons for 11 cases with > 5% blasts showed good correlations for absolute neutrophil and eosinophil counts although, when the blast cell percentage was high, correlations for lymphocyte and monocyte counts were less consistent (an operator alert in the form of a 'Blast Flag' was, however, given in 10/11 of these particular cases). Four additional cases where manual differentiation between lymphoid cells and monocytes was recorded as difficult also showed consistently good correlations for manual vs automated neutrophil and eosinophil estimates. Not surprisingly, and essentially as a result of the low confidence noted for the manual differential itself, correlations for lymphoid and monocytic cells were relatively poor. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that the CD3500 provides reliable and accurate absolute neutrophil and eosinophil counts in leucopenic samples irrespective of the presence of blasts or NRBC. These observations are particularly important in terms of monitoring patients who are liable to develop neutropenia as a result of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and provide evidence that the routine use of automated leucocyte differentials may be confidently extended to the analysis of leucopenic samples.
 ...
PMID:Automated leucocyte differentials in 292 patients with leucopenia: an evaluation of the Abbott CELL-DYN 3500 (CD3500) haematology analyser. 905 98

A cross-sectional study of 1005 males and females 15-60 years of age from a commercial farming community (Hippo Valley Sugar Estates) in Zimbabwe investigated knowledge and prevalence rates of gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Although over 70% of respondents were aware of gonorrhea, only 45.5% were knowledgeable about AIDS. Males had higher knowledge of gonorrhea and other STIs than females, but lower knowledge of HIV/AIDS. 47% of subjects had a history of an STI in the 5 years preceding the study. The frequency of such a history was significantly higher among males compared to females (odds ratio (OR), 3.22; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.45-4.25). Physical examination indicated that 20.5% of males and 37.9% of females had signs of STIs. The majority of STI cases affected men in the 20-29 year age group and women 30-39 years of age. Gonorrhea prevalence was 18.4% and significantly higher among females than males (OR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.97-3.90). 31% of gonorrhea infections were associated with penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Since STIs have been associated with increased transmission of HIV, these infections should be targeted for campaigns aimed at reducing the disparity between knowledge and practices. Moreover, examination of the prevalence of STIs such as gonorrhea is a quick way of assessing the impact of HIV control measures in a community.
 ...
PMID:Prevalence of gonorrhoea and knowledge of sexually transmitted infections in a farming community in Zimbabwe. 943 52

643 adult male employees of the Sugar Corporation of Malawi in Nchalo, Chikwawa District, participated in a cross-sectional study during February-April 1994 to determine the relationship between fever, malaria parasitemia, and HIV infection. Participants underwent routine physical examinations and data were collected on their ages, axillary temperatures, and histories of fever or other illnesses in the 2 weeks before enrollment in the study. Blood was collected and thick blood films prepared and examined for the presence of malaria parasites. Complete information was obtained from 605 subjects, of whom 248 (41%) reported a history of fever, 139 (23%) were HIV positive, and 131 (22%) received an antimalarial drug. Only 15% of fever reporters were parasitemic. HIV infection was significantly associated with fever, but not with parasitemia. Fever reporters and non-fever reporters were of mean ages 32.8 and 33.1 years, respectively. These data suggest that there was both high HIV seroprevalence and considerable overestimation of fever as malaria in this population. This high prevalence of HIV demands the reconsideration of the common practice in Malawi of treating all fever among adults as malaria.
 ...
PMID:Malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection among male employees of a sugar estate in Malawi. 946 69


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next >>