Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: CAS:7440-70-2 (calcium)
 333,191 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We tested the efficacy and safety of different combination therapies in hypertensive patients with uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) on a monotherapy with a calcium antagonist: 1,647 hypertensive patients were enrolled to receive placebo for 4 weeks followed by isradipine (ISR) 2.5 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) for 4 weeks. Nonresponders [diastolic BP (DBP) > 90 mm Hg] were randomly assigned to receive either the beta-blocker bopindolol 0.5 or 1 mg/day, the diuretic metolazone 1.25 or 2.5 mg/day, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril 10 or 20 mg/day, ISR 5 mg b.i.d., or placebo. One hundred seventy-five receiving placebo dropped out; 93% (n = 1,376) of the 1,472 patients finished 4-week monotherapy with ISR. Sixty percent (n = 826) reached target BP, and 40% (n = 550) remained uncontrolled and were randomized. Regardless of dosage, all drugs led to a comparable reduction in BP except for the lower dosage of bopindolol and ISR 5 mg b.i.d., which were less effective in lowering systolic BP (SBP). The BP decrease achieved by combination therapy ranged from 10 to 15 mm Hg SBP and from 7 to 11 mm Hg DBP but remained unchanged with placebo. Side effects were minor, and only 2.4% of patients discontinued therapy because of side effects. The side-effect score for edema was lower with ISR plus diuretics than with other combinations, whereas the ACE inhibitor was associated with a higher score for cough. Monotherapy with a calcium antagonist normalizes BP in about two-thirds of patients when used in general practice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Efficacy and safety of various combination therapies based on a calcium antagonist in essential hypertension: results of a placebo-controlled randomized trial. 767 66

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was recently added to conventional culture and serology for the diagnoses of Bordetella pertussis infection in a large vaccine efficacy trial in Germany. In vaccinees or family members who had illnesses with cough, two nasopharyngeal swabs (calcium alginate for culture and Dacron for PCR) were taken and initial and follow-up clinical data were obtained. PCR was done using oligonucleotide primers PTp1 and PTp2 which amplify a 191-base pair DNA fragment of pertussis toxin operon. From December, 1993, to May, 1994, 555 pairs of swabs were processed; 28 grew B. pertussis and 9 grew B. parapertussis. Twenty-six of the 28 subjects with B. pertussis-positive cultures also had positive PCR results as did one of the 9 B. parapertussis cases and 82 additional samples were positive by PCR. PCR increased the identification of subjects with B. pertussis infections by almost 4-fold. Clinical characteristics were analyzed by laboratory category (Group 1, 28 culture-positive; Group 2, 82 culture-negative, PCR-positive; and Group 3, 436 culture- and PCR-negative). Group 1 subjects were more likely to have a diagnosis of definite or probable pertussis and to have paroxysmal cough, posttussive vomiting, whooping and a cough duration of > or = 4 weeks than Group 2 or 3 subjects. In contrast Group 2 subjects were more likely than Group 1 subjects to have had previous pertussis immunization or prior antibiotics. PCR identified many mild illnesses caused by B. pertussis that were not identified by culture.
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PMID:Polymerase chain reaction identification of Bordetella pertussis infections in vaccinees and family members in a pertussis vaccine efficacy trial in Germany. 776 Nov 86

In this multicentre, double-blind trial in 461 patients with essential hypertension, amlodipine (5-10 mg once daily) and enalapril (10-40 mg once daily) were compared in terms of quality of life, efficacy and tolerability after 1 year of treatment (part 1). In part 2, 177 patients successfully treated with amlodipine in part 1 continued in an open evaluation of efficacy and safety of antihypertensive treatment with amlodipine for a further 2 years. In part 1, both drugs were similarly effective in lowering blood pressure (BP) (although significantly more enalapril patients required a diuretic) while maintaining quality of life. Apart from class-typical effects, such as oedema for calcium antagonists and cough for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, both drugs were equally well tolerated, with few adverse effects of clinical significance. Only a few patients (eight amlodipine (4%), nine enalapril (4%)) were withdrawn from the trial because of drug-related adverse events, demonstrating that the tolerability was good. Neutral to slightly beneficial effects were found in blood lipid concentrations after treatment with amlodipine. The BP reduction seen in the amlodipine patients after part 1 was maintained during part 2. Also, blood lipids and safety variables remained virtually constant. It is concluded that, at similar BP reduction, quality of life is equally well maintained on amlodipine and enalapril therapy. Thus, amlodipine compares favourably with enalapril as an effective and well-tolerated anti-hypertensive agent over the first year. Additionally, amlodipine patients evaluated over a 2-year extension maintained good BP control and the drug was well tolerated.
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PMID:Evaluation and quality-of-life assessment of amlodipine and enalapril in patients with hypertension. 778 9

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dihydropyridine calcium antagonist isradipine on left ventricular (LV) structure and function in patients with essential hypertension. Cuff blood pressure and Doppler echocardiographic variables were assessed in 26 patients with mild to moderate hypertension (diastolic blood pressure range 95-110 mmHg) before and after 12 weeks of therapy with either isradipine 5 mg daily or enalapril 20 mg daily. The study was of double-blind, parallel design, with a placebo run-in period of 15 days. Three subjects withdrew from isradipine treatment because of flushing and 2 from enalapril treatment due to cough before completing the study. Both drugs significantly reduced cuff systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001) without affecting heart rate. By virtue of the decrease in both septal wall (p < 0.01) and posterior wall thicknesses (p < 0.05), isradipine treatment produced a significant reduction in LV mass adjusted for height (p < 0.001) in comparison with placebo; also LV end-systolic dimension showed a slight decrease (p < 0.05). Enalapril induced a similar reduction in LV end-systolic dimension (p < 0.05) but the changes of wall thickness and LV mass did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, our results indicate that isradipine treatment improves LV systolic function and causes a significant reduction in LV mass. This reduction is observed early in the course of antihypertensive treatment and is effective in both patients with and without LV hypertrophy.
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PMID:Reduction of left ventricular mass by short-term antihypertensive treatment with isradipine: a double-blind comparison with enalapril. 792 33

The efficacy, tolerability and impact on quality of life of amlodipine and enalapril were compared in a multicentre, double-blind, general practice study in 461 mild and moderate hypertensives over a 50-week active treatment period. Amlodipine (5-10 mg, once daily) and enalapril (10-40 mg, once daily) were found to be similarly effective in lowering blood pressure while not adversely affecting quality-of-life parameters. However, 20% of the enalapril group compared with 11% of the amlodipine group required the addition of hydrochlorothiazide for blood pressure control (P < 0.01). Diastolic blood pressure was normalised or reduced by 10 mmHg in 204 (90%) patients on amlodipine and in 190 (85%) patients on enalapril. Side-effects were, in general, mild or of little clinical significance. The major side-effects recorded were class-typical of ACE inhibitors and calcium antagonists, namely cough (enalapril) and oedema (amlodipine), respectively. Tolerability was very good, with only 17 patients (8 amlodipine, 4%; 9 enalapril, 4%) being withdrawn from the study due to side-effects definitely related to treatment. Amlodipine monotherapy produced a slightly beneficial effect on blood lipid concentration, and both drugs reduced the calculated 10-year risk of coronary heart disease. It was concluded that the calcium antagonist amlodipine compared favourably with the ACE inhibitor enalapril in terms of antihypertensive efficacy, tolerability and impact on quality of life.
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PMID:A long-term, double-blind, comparative study on quality of life during treatment with amlodipine or enalapril in mild or moderate hypertensive patients: a multicentre study. 803 5

Extracts from Petasites hybridus are in therapeutic use for more than 2000 years. They have been claimed to improve gastrointestinal pain, lung-diseases such as asthma and cough, as well as spasms of the urogenital-tract. We have investigated these claims in animal models of gastro-intestinal ulcers and confirmed that alcoholic extracts of Petasites hybridus block the ethanol-induced gastric damage and reduce small intestinal ulcerations induced in rats by indomethacin. Searching for a possible mode of action, we found that ethanolic extracts of Petasites hybridus inhibit the peptido-leukotriene biosynthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages but leave prostaglandin biosynthesis unimpaired. We conclude that the active principle could be useful in the treatment of gastro-intestinal human diseases and that Petasites hybridus may contribute to the inhibition of calcium-dependent processes such as leukotriene biosynthesis.
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PMID:Gastro-protective effects by extracts of Petasites hybridus: the role of inhibition of peptido-leukotriene synthesis. 830 45

The effects of cromakalim, a K+ channel opener, on the capsaicin-induced cough reflex in rats were studied. I.P. administration of cromakalim in doses of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg decreased the number of induced coughs in a dose- dependent manner. Neither glibenclamide, an adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+ channel blocker, nor tetraethylammonium, a blocker of other types of K+ channels, affected the antitussive effect of cromakalim. However, the antitussive effect of cromakalim was antagonized by methysergide, a 5-HT antagonist. Although Bay K 8644, a dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel activator, had a marked cough-depressant effect, it had no effect on the antitussive effect of cromakalim. These results suggest that the antitussive effect of cromakalim is primarily mediated by activation of the serotonergic system through the inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, and not through the activation of K+ channels.
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PMID:The antitussive effect of cromakalim in rats is not associated with adenosine triphosphate sensitive K+ channels. 839 11

The present report describes untoward effects of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) in three of six pediatric patients treated with continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis, in whom this agent was infused intravenously to lower serum ionized calcium levels during dynamic testing of parathyroid gland function. Patients developed an influenza-like syndrome characterized by fever rhinorrhea, cough, sneezing, and lacrimation. All symptoms disappeared within 24 h. A similar degree of hypocalcemia was induced with sodium citrate, an alternative hypocalcemic agent, in the same patients without side effects. Sodium citrate, rather than EDTA, should be used to induce hypocalcemia when assessing parathyroid gland dynamics in children with end-stage renal disease.
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PMID:Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate: adverse effects in dialyzed children. 847 15

The Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Study is an ongoing prospective, randomized, multicenter trial conducted in 26 countries. Its two main aims are to evaluate the relationship between three levels of target diastolic blood pressure (< or = 90, < or = 85 or < or = 80 mmHg) and the incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients and the effects on morbidity and mortality of a low dose, 75 mg daily, of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) compared with placebo. Altogether 19,193 patients have been recruited and randomized and one-year data are now available for all patients. This is a report on the blood pressures achieved, the tolerability and other available data after 12 months of follow-up of all patients. Special reference will be given to the subgroup of elderly patients (> or = 65 years, n = 6,113) as compared to younger patients (< 65 years, n = 13,080). On average, the target group < or = 90 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure has reached 86 mmHg, the target group < or = 85 mmHg has reached 83 mmHg and the target group < or = 80 mmHg has reached 81 mmHg. The percentage of patients that has obtained their target blood pressures is 84% in the target group < or = 90 mmHg, 72% in the target group < or = 85 mmHg and 57% in the target group < or = 80 mmHg at 12 months of follow-up. In the elderly subgroup (> or = 65 years of age) the percentage of patients at target is higher for all target groups, being 86, 76 and 61%, respectively, at 12 months. Antihypertensive treatment is initiated with a calcium antagonist, felodipine, at a dose of 5 mg once daily. If target blood pressure is not reached, additional antihypertensive therapy, with either an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, is given. Further dose adjustments are made in accordance with a set protocol. As a fifth and final step a diuretic may be added. Side effects have been relatively few in this large multinational series of intensively treated hypertensive patients. Only ankle edema, 2.6% and 3.0%, and coughing, 1.3% and 0.8%, in young and elderly patients, respectively, exceed a frequency of 1%, and 88% of all patients are still taking their baseline therapy felodipine after one year. The one-year data presented here indicate that it should be possible to fulfill the primary aims of the HOT Study.
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PMID:The Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Study: 12-month data on blood pressure and tolerability. With special reference to age and gender. 853 54

Scorpion venoms contain specific toxins which block large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) channels. Use of these toxins has shown that a significant proportion of the action of bronchodilators such as beta-agonists, theophylline, and nitric oxide occurs as a result of the opening of BKCa channels. Similarly, these toxins have shown that inhibitors of airway neurotransmission also operate via BKCa channels. Drugs that open BKCa channels may be alternative bronchodilators (possibly "airway selective" and with fewer side effects) as well as inhibitors of pathophysiological neurogenic influences in asthma, chronic coughing and sneezing, and chronic bronchitis.
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PMID:Scorpion venoms: taking the sting out of lung disease. 871 88


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