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Query: CAS:7440-70-2 (calcium)
 333,191 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This presentation summarizes necropsy observations in patients with three types of cardiomyopathy: idiopathic, infiltrative, and endomyocardial disease. The idiopathic variety is subdivided into two types depending on the size of the ventricular cavity. In the dilated ventricular type the left ventricular wall is frequently less than 1.5 cm. thick, intracardiac thrombi are common, the atrioventricular valve rings usually are mildly dilated, and focal myocardial and endocardial scars are common. In the nondilated type (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), the ventricular septum is usually thicker than the left ventricular free wall, which also is thick (greater than 1.5 cm.). When the septum is similar in thickness to the left ventricular free wall (symmetric), left ventricular outflow obstruction does not occur. When the septum is thicker than the left ventricular free wall (asymmetric), left or right ventricular outflow obstruction may or may not be present. The orientation of myocardial fibers one to another in the ventricular septum in the nondilated (hypertrophic) type is abnormal, whereas it is normal in the dilated ventricular type. Intracardiac thrombi are rare and atrioventricular valve rings are never dilated in the nondilated type of idiopathic cardiomegaly. The infiltrative types of cardiomyopathies include iron, calcium, lipids, mucopolysaccharides, granulomas, amyloid, and neoplasms. The first four usually are located within myocardial cells and the latter three, between myocardial cells. It is probable that all these myocardial infiltrates are capable of producing cardiac dysfunction, primarily on a restrictive basis. Endomyocardial disease may or may not be associated with eosinophilia. When the latter occurs, the eosinophils are structurally normal. Death is related to congestive cardiac failure. This category is actuality also in idiopathic.
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PMID:Pathologic anatomy of the cardiomyopathies. Idiopathic dilated and hypertrophic types, infiltrative types, and endomyocardial disease with and without eosinophilia. 12 2

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent inflammatory mediator that can cause airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness; these processes are also associated with pulmonary eosinophilia, suggesting a link between these two events. Thus, PAF's interaction with eosinophils may provide a mechanism for airway damage. However, direct in vitro activation of eosinophils by PAF requires concentrations that are likely higher than those achieved in vivo. As a result, we investigated whether lower, more physiologic concentrations of PAF could prime eosinophils for subsequent activation to another receptor-stimulated factor, in this case formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (FMLP). To test this hypothesis, eosinophils were preincubated (1 and 15 min) with low concentrations of PAF (1 x 10(-8) and 1 x 10(-10) M); this exposure to PAF resulted in enhanced generation of superoxide anion to FMLP stimulation. Moreover, similar concentrations of PAF decreased eosinophil density and increased expression of cell surface CR3 receptors. Finally, low, nonactivating concentrations of PAF (1 x 10(-10) to 1 x 10(-8) M) caused transient increases in eosinophil cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations. Collectively, these responses are consistent with the hypothesis that short-term exposure to low concentrations of PAF primes eosinophils to cause an enhanced inflammatory response upon subsequent activation to another receptor agonist. The consequences of this PAF-associated phenomenon can produce an enhanced inflammatory response and airway injury.
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PMID:Platelet-activating factor primes human eosinophil generation of superoxide. 130 21

Using an experimental model of mouse peritoneal eosinophilia, we investigated the role of Ca2+ in the in vitro activation of these cells challenged with specific Mesocestoides corti antigen. We have detected LTC4, a metabolite derived from arachidonic acid by way of 5'lipo-oxygenase and superoxide anion from the oxidative burst, as inflammatory mediators produced by activated eosinophils. Preincubation with hyperimmune mice serum increases the amount of LTC4 and superoxide anion in response to the antigenic extract. Release of O2- is inhibited by Verapamil (a voltage-gated calcium channel) and Quin 2 (an intracellular trapped chelator of calcium). Also, LTC4 produced by preincubated eosinophils challenged with M. corti is dramatically inhibited by Quin 2. Our results suggest an intact mechanism for calcium control for the release of these inflammatory mediators by eosinophils, after specific antigenic stimulation.
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PMID:Release of O2- and LTC4 by murine eosinophils: role of intra- and extracellular calcium. 168 95

Two female patients who fulfilled the criteria for L-tryptophan-induced eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) had, together with morphea-like and fasciitis-like sclerotic changes of the skin, lesions that clinically mimicked pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). Histology was compatible with the diagnosis; electron microscopy did not reveal calcium deposits. PXE-like changes may represent an additional feature of the pleomorphic L-tryptophan-induced EMS.
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PMID:L-tryptophan-induced eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. I. Report of two cases with pseudoxanthoma-elasticum-like skin changes. 176 22

Cyclophosphamide administered intraperitoneally in 20 mg/kg doses at intervals of six days for six weeks caused focal morphological and histochemical lesions of low intensity in rat myocardium. From the third week of the experiment focal eosinophilia and fuchsinophilia of the cytoplasm of a part and later on, of the whole cytoplasm of myocardial fibres, contraction nodes, undulant shape of the fibres, rupture of intercalated discs, very rarely in the sixth week small focal infiltrations composed of mononuclear cells at the site of damaged and disintegrated myocardial fibres, small amount of glycogen, focal increase of acid phosphatase activity and low-grade loss of alkaline phosphatase and magnesium and calcium-dependent ATPases in the sixth week, and unchanged activity of succinic dehydrogenase. Simultaneous use of cyclophosphamide and low-magnesium diet increased the intensity of degenerative changes, which appeared from the second week on, and necrotic changes appearing from the third week on, with more pronounced disturbances in the activity of all studied enzymes, including succinic dehydrogenase, in the sixth week.
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PMID:Histological and histochemical examinations of the myocardium of rats kept on low-magnesium diet and treated with cyclophosphamide. 213 21

Methotrexate administration in 1 mg/kg doses intraperitoneally twice weekly for six weeks caused in rat myocardium the following focal, not very intense, histological and histochemical changes from the third week of the experiment on: focal increasing eosinophilia and fuchsinophilia of myocyte cytoplasm, undulating shape of myocardial fibres, contraction nodes, in the sixth week small necrotic foci with associated infiltrations composed of mononuclear cells, presence of p.a.S. positive substance resistant to diastase digestion in foci of damaged cardiomyocytes, focal rise of acid phosphatase, local loss of calcium and magnesium dependent ATPases in the sixth week, and unchanged succinic dehydrogenase activity. Simultaneous administration of low-magnesium diet and methotrexate caused more frequent (from the second week on) the appearance of more intense degenerative changes, and from the third week on the appearance of necrotic changes of cardiomyocytes, local increase of acid phosphatase activity from the second week on, falling activity of calcium and magnesium dependent ATPases from the fifth week on, and losses of succinic dehydrogenase activity in the sixth week of the experiment.
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PMID:Histological and histochemical examinations of myocardium of rats kept on low-magnesium diet and receiving methotrexate. 215 93

The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test is the primary screening test for chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Neutrophils and other phagocytic cells readily reduce NBT to blue formazan after oxidative stimulation whereas CGD cells remain colorless. In the present study purified eosinophil populations were obtained from CGD patients and normals by exposing peripheral blood to the peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and then centrifuged over a discontinuous Percoll gradient. The eosinophils were then incubated in 0.1% NBT (37 degrees C, 15 min) with either phorbol myristate acetate or buffer alone (HEPES with calcium and magnesium). Blue staining characteristic of NBT reduction occurred in the phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated eosinophils of half (4/8) of the CGD patients tested. The staining was most intense between the nuclear lobes of the eosinophil with little staining near the cell periphery. The staining pattern was present in 75.5 +/- 5.3% of the purified eosinophils in those patients in which the phenomenon occurred and was reproducible in the same patients over a 6-month period. Eosinophils from normal individuals tested with NBT and phorbol myristate acetate showed intense staining over the entire cell cytoplasm as did normal neutrophils. Purified CGD eosinophils that did show the staining pattern were not able to produce superoxide (as measured by cytochrome C reduction) when stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate indicating the staining was probably not related to superoxide production. Patients with CGD have a mild eosinophilia (4.6 +/- 0.7% in 11 patients at the National Institutes of Health) and eosinophil staining may account for the small number of positive NBT cells reported in some patients.
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PMID:Staining of eosinophils with nitroblue tetrazolium in patients with chronic granulomatous disease. 242 26

The role of eosinophils in allergic and hypersensitivity diseases has yet to be fully established and remains limited by techniques to isolate the eosinophil in high purity. Consequently, most studies that evaluate and characterize eosinophil function are conducted with isolates from patients with hypereosinophilia. There is, however, evidence to suggest that isolates from such patients do not represent normal function. Now, with new techniques to isolate and purify eosinophils from normal subjects without eosinophilia, metabolic function of the normal eosinophil can be assessed. To accomplish this, granulocytes from healthy volunteers were separated by continuous density Percoll gradients into populations of purified eosinophils (90.3 +/- 1.9%) and neutrophils (98.2 +/- 0.4%). Superoxide (O2-) generation was measured with a microassay of superoxide dismutase-inhibitable cytochrome c reduction in response to several soluble and particulate agonists. Normal eosinophils generated significantly more O2- in response to either phorbol myristate acetate or calcium ionophore A23187 than their matched neutrophil fractions. In contrast, differences in granulocyte response to zymosan and chemotactic peptide, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, were dependent on the presence of cytochalasin B (CB) in the reaction. N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-stimulated eosinophils generated less O2- in the absence of CB but similar amounts in the presence of CB, compared to neutrophils. Activation by zymosan in the presence of 10% autologous serum generated similar amounts of O2- in all the cell populations when CB was present; however, in the absence of CB, neutrophils produced less O2- when they were compared to eosinophils. Therefore, normal eosinophils respond differently to some activators, compared to neutrophils, and these differences may prove significant as the contribution of eosinophils to inflammation becomes established.
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PMID:Stimulus-dependent differences in superoxide anion generation by normal human eosinophils and neutrophils. 283 91

In order to compare the dermal changes after exposure to direct current (d.c.) with changes after influence of acid and base influence, the skin of fully anaesthetized Danish Landrace pigs were exposed to acid and basic solutions. Biopsies were obtained immediately after and up to day 7 after the injury. Collagen fibres with increased affinity for eosin and irregular cross-striation in polarized light together with shrunken cells with dark stained nuclei were found just beneath the epidermis immediately after application of 1 N HCl. Immediately after exposure to 1 N NaOH dispersed collagen fibres showed increased eosinophilia and a fine densely spaced cross-striation in polarized light and vesicular nuclei were present within dermal cells. During the following days a narrow demarcation zone of neutrophilic granulocytes separated the zone containing abnormal collagen fibres from normal tissue below. Calcified collagen fibres were not observed and no other abnormal histochemical reactions were present. It is concluded that the morphology of acid induced lesions and base induced lesions shows resemblance to the morphology of anode and cathode lesions, respectively, but not to heat lesions. The reason for not finding depositions of calcium salts on collagen fibres in skin exposed to basic solutions could be a non-optimal pH in the tissue or that other electrochemical processes than shift in pH are necessary for the calcification process.
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PMID:The effect of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid on pig dermis. A light microscopic study. 322 4

To study the effects of environmental exposure to zinc and cadmium in immature foals, five pregnant ponies were raised within 2.9 km of the New Jersey Zinc Smelter in Palmerton, Pennsylvania. The mares and their foals were kept outdoors on timothy hay and orchard grass. The foals were examined daily for signs of illness and blood samples were taken monthly for estimation of serum zinc, copper, and ceruloplasmin levels. The foals were sacrificed at 2.5, 4.5, 8.5, 13.5, and 18.5 months of age. Necropsy revealed generalized osteochondrosis in joints of the limbs and cervical vertebrae, lymphoid hyperplasia, and eosinophilia. Two of the foals had developed mild lameness. The concentrations of zinc, cadmium, copper, lead, magnesium, and calcium were determined in liver, kidney cortex, and pancreas. The concentration of cadmium and zinc were the only elements that were greatly elevated in all three tissues as compared to control animals. The concentration of cadmium was directly correlated with age in the three tissues (e.g., 23.9 to 212.7 micrograms/g wet wt in kidney cortex), whereas zinc was significantly increased (range 132 to 954 micrograms/g wet wt in liver) but there was no correlation with age. It was concluded that the development of osteochondrosis is associated with increased exposure to zinc and possibly cadmium. The classical signs of cadmium toxicosis, such as renal damage and osteomalacia, were not observed.
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PMID:The effects of natural exposure to high levels of zinc and cadmium in the immature pony as a function of age. 373 2


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